dc.description.abstract
This thesis is part of the doctoral Energy and Resource Awareness in Urban and Regional Development (EWARD) program, which started in March 2014 and focuses on dealing with energy awareness in urban and regional planning in various research topics and areas. Nine doctoral students and seven professors were involved in the program. The present work deals with the topic of the post-oil city and the question of how urban spaces previously occupied by car traffic can be used for urban inward development in the future. The identification of these spaces is thereby made feasible through the novel combination and application of several methods. Space, its function, use, and design are closely interwoven with the topic of the energy-consciousness and sustainable city.From a global perspective, transport is responsible for 25% of the energy consumed (Sumantran et al., 2017, p. 49). This is more than the total energy consumption for buildings. Crude oil is responsible for 40% of global energy resources (ibid). By limiting individual transport in cities and simultaneously increasing the walkability and expansion of public transport, energy demand and emissions can significantly be reduced. The extensive, particularly high-ranking transport infrastructure currently dedicated to individual transport in cities would become available for other uses in post-oil cities. There are significant opportunities to improve cities through inward development, the regeneration of urban districts, upgrading public spaces, and the (re)integration of more isolated districts or suburbs (Voigt, 2018).It is time to eliminate the evidence of the car-friendly city that is still visible and perceptible today and to transform cities into healthy and humane environments. In light of energy shortages, emission reduction targets in the context of measures to combat climate change, and the moral imperative to foster social justice, it is time to return to the human scale.The case study of Paris shows the myriad possibilities of using method sets to pave the way toward the post-oil city of the future. This was achieved in this work through a novel combination of four approaches:[1] Space Syntax Theory and Methods[2] Volunteered Geographic Information[3] Strollology and Photography[4] Scenario Development and TestingIn this research, it was crucial to combine methods that are transferable and scalable to other European cities of different sizes with similar characteristics.By nature, there is not one solution or only one generally applicable combination of methods that can identify, let alone solve, every problem for every city. Even in a future with more digitized city planning, it is essential to consider all factors and to decide on a case-by-case basis which methods can be used in method sets for problem solving, achieving goals, and evaluating success. This will be illustrated by another example of my own research, based on this work, in the field of a European medium-sized city, which, in line with the idea of this work, has resulted in the first European Digital Urban Twin.The thesis is structured as follows:The introduction provides an overview of the links between oil, energy, and space. It also presents the research gaps, open questions, and the novelty of research. In the chapter, “Methods and Data,” the theory and method space syntax is presented and the method for combining it with map-based surveys (VGI), strollology, and photography is described. Additionally, and the chapter explains how these methods were applied in the development of scenarios.The chapter, “Case Study of Greater Paris,” deals with the historical foundations of the urban development of Paris, the metropolitan region (Grand Paris) today, and a detailed analysis of Grand Paris . This chapter also describes how the methods were applied to identify the corresponding neighbourhoods with the potential for intervention or inward development.In the chapter, “Case Study: La Chapelle, Paris and La-Plaine Saint Denis,” the focus is specifically on quarters or neighbourhoods, their transformation potential is analysed, and scenarios for the post-oil city are developed.In the, “Conclusions,” the present thesis is reflected upon, the methods applied are critically assessed, results are summarized, and possible future paths are described. The focus is also on scalability and transferability to other European cities and the logical evolution of the combination of methods in Digital Twins.
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