dc.description.abstract
Hot corrosion is a pressing issue in post-combustion sections of jet engines, where turbine elements suffer from accelerated corrosion in the presence of salt-deposits in SOx-rich at-mospheres. Depending on the temperature, two types of hot corrosion mechanisms have been identified throughout the past: A low temperature hot corrosion process (LTHC, 600-850°C), and a high temperature hot corrosion type (HTHC, 750 950°C). Depending on the temperature range, the salt that deposits on the material surfaces may be present in a molten or solid state, which ultimately dictates the corrosive mechanism of the material components. In order to lower maintenance and repair costs for affected component surfaces, novel materials with superior corrosion behavior against hot corrosion are in great demand. In this regard, this thesis presents the conceptualization and construction of a Corrosion Oven for Research and technical Applications (CORA), capable of simulating hot corrosion environments as found in industrial high temperature applications. CORA was designed in three main segments: gas mixing system, reaction chamber, and gas analysis system. The composition of the corrosive atmosphere inside the reaction chamber was calibrated and controlled using three separate mass flow controllers with ranges of 5000, 500, and 10 sccm designated for Ar, SO2 and O2, respectively. A consistent atmosphere of 2.5 sccm (SO2), 375 sccm (O2) and 2125 sccm (Ar) was maintained throughout all corrosion experiment, which is equivalent to 1000 ppm SO2 - a typical concentration often found in flue gases. A horizontal tube furnace with a quartz tube reactor was implemented, as the reaction chamber. In order to accommodate experimental conditions that support both LTHC and HTHC mechanisms, a furnace capable of reaching 1100°C was chosen. Furthermore, three independently working heating elements were calibrated, for an optimized control of the reaction conditions within the quartz-reactor. Lastly, an analytical module was installed for analyzing and providing crucial information about the gas atmosphere within the reaction chamber (SO3/SO2 Determination, EPA-Method 8). In order to evaluate the functionality and reliability of CORA, IN718 and austenitic steel, as well as Ti0.51Al0.49N and Cr0.9Si0.1 PVD coated austenitic steel substrates were tested. At an atmosphere of 1000 ppm SO2, an oxygen equivalence of 150:1 and a flow rate of 1 m/min inside the quartz-reactor, the samples were corroded for 1 hour at 650°C and 850°C. In order to evaluate the aggressive salt induced corrosion effect, all experiments included both, samples with Na2SO4/NaCl (30/70 mol.%) deposits, and without salt deposits. In oder to investigate the corrosive attack, analytical methods, such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) were utilized. Results showed that none of the material systems exhibited noticeable corrosion resistance for test conditions involving the salt slag deposits at HTHC (850°C). All experiments featured accelerated deterioration of the surface (involving coating as well as bulk), where porous oxide scale development and metal sulfide formation was observed. For corrosion experiments involving salt deposits at LTHC conditions (650°C), only the Ti0.51Al0.49N and Cr0.9Si0.1 coatings showed superior corrosion behavior, while the uncoated IN718 and austenite samples continued to feature devastating deterioration. For tests in absence of Na2SO4/NaCl deposits, all samples of interest exhibited substantial protection against the SOx-rich atmosphere. In the case of IN718, formations of chromium oxide scales and mixed iron-nickel oxides provided good protection and significantly slowed down further oxidation of the material below. For austenite, a combination of iron oxide, iron-chromium oxide and manganese oxide also proved effective in hampering further oxidation in SOx rich atmosphere, however a slightly inferior protective behavior compared to IN718 was noticed. In summary, CORA has shown to be an effective tool in providing highly aggressive HC conditions on a laboratory scale. Moreover, CORA has provided valuable first insights to the overall potential of PVD protective coatings as a strategic approach against hot corrosion.
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