The recognition of finite and scarce natural resources that are essential for all living organisms on earth as well as industrial production set off a search for alternative approaches to resource procurement. Some of the scarce elements are for example phosphorus and magnesium. In this context, wastewater has been identified as a source of many valuable compounds. The reuse of these compounds could diminish especially the current nutrient scarcity of agricultural fertilizer if appropriate and safe recovery technologies are developed. Treatment of waste streams from industrial processes for nutrient recovery at source embraces technological solutions that lead to a reduction of waste streams and circularity of materials through water and nutrient recycling and reuse on site. This approach also protects the environment from excess nutrient pollution and the eutrophication of natural water bodies.As a part of the “Bioactive” project, a PhD program established at TU Wien, this thesis focused on electrodialysis as recovery technology, although there is a variety of other emergingtechnologies for nutrient and water reuse. Electrodialysis is an electro-membrane technology,commonly applied for seawater desalination. But over the last few years, its application hasbeen seen as a promising technique in wastewater treatment too. Due to the significant physical and chemical differences between seawater and wastewater, electrodialysis demands thorough research to test and justify its integration in waste water treatment or even in biotechnological processes. Waste streams from these productions are heavily polluted with nutrients,carbohydrates, suspended and dissolved solids, micropollutants, and bacteria that increase therisk of premature membrane fouling and malfunctions in electrodialysis. Thus, this thesis researched the performance of electrodialysis for fermentation wastewater treatment andnutrient recovery in a batch lab-scale electrodialysis system PCCell ED 64-004 (PCCell GmbH,Germany) with ten cell pairs. The electrodialysis membrane stack was modified to meet the technological requirements of each research stage.Limiting current density (LCD) in conventional electrodialysis is one of the main operating parameters, which depends on the feed composition, pH, temperature, flow, membrane characteristics, etc. Previous publications mainly report the methods for determining LCD in NaCl solutions, mimicking the seawater characteristics. Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate existing LCD determination methods when applied to a complex fermentation effluent. The results of five LCD graphical methods, acquired from available literature, revealed complements and divergences between them when applied to feed solutions with increasing ion concentrations and feed complexity. The Cowan and Brown method came up to have the most consistent results, also when applied to feeds containing sulfates, calcium, magnesium, andother ions different from solely Na+ and Cl-. Online electrical conductivity was measured forall performed experiments, and it was linearly correlated with the decreasing ion concentrationof the feed solution and corresponding LCD. Thus, the conductivity can be applied for anautomatized dynamic control of the operating current density–voltage in the batchelectrodialysis.Other resources, besides nutrients, may be present in waste streams and potentially can berecovered. For example, sulfuric acid is used for the pH control of fermentation with Sulfolobusacidocaldarius. Consequently, sulfate ions are the dominating ions in the fermentation waste effluent, which could be recovered by bipolar electrodialysis in a form of sulfuric acid.However, some polluting compounds from the fermentation process end up in the fermentation effluent too and need to be removed before a subsequent acid/base recovery. Bipolarmembranes are especially sensitive to the scaling of calcium and magnesium salts as well as to biofouling caused by microbial growth and linked aspects. In this regard, three pre-treatment technologies were compared for a reduction of divalent cations to a value below 10 ppm andDOC removal from the fermentation wastewater. As a result, both nanofiltration and electrodialysis with monovalent cation exchange membranes were demonstrated to be suitablepre-treatment technologies with 92–96% divalent cation removal and 86–94% DOC removal.Nanofiltration had higher stability in divalent cation rejection and was less energy-consuming,whereas electrodialysis delivered a 1.6-fold concentration factor for sulfate ions, preferable fora subsequent sulfuric acid recovery. The third assessed technology was the ion-exchange resins,which had complete divalent cation removal until the resins’ saturation. However, there was noDOC removal and another disadvantage is the need for resins’ recovery by chemicals, whichadds up additional costs and produces a waste stream.There is a research gap in recovering nutrients from real wastewater samples by membranetechnologies and their actual reuse in biotechnological processes. Moreover, the ability ofmembranes to retain compounds potentially harmful to fermentation processes is essential, asthese compounds are rarely included in experiments with synthetic media. Again, the wastefermentation effluent from the Sulfolobus acidocaldarius fermentation was treated in this thesis. This time three pathways for resource recovery were applied: nanofiltration,conventional and bipolar electrodialysis. The recovered media were subjected to batchfermentations for evaluation of suitability in a closed-loop fermentation. Referencefermentation was performed with freshly prepared chemicals. Tests were also obtained with solely microfiltered fermentation effluent, which did not proliferate in microbial growth.Nanofiltration and electrodialysis had high DOC removal and separation of ions from the rest of the media. Further on, 0.11–0.15 M sulfuric acid was recovered by bipolar electrodialysis as described in the previous paragraph. All of the recovered media, used either as a fermentation substrate or for pH regulation, resulted in a similar substrate uptake and microbial growth as the reference fermentation. Nanofiltration had lower energy consumption, but electrodialysis offered selective ion recovery, higher concentration factors, and reuse-specific streams. There moval of nutrients from the fermentation wastewater also reduced the negative environmental impact of the fermentation process.Optimization of product separation is also a current research topic, along with the recovery and reuse of resources. In this sense, electrodialysis can potentially be used for erythritol separation from the fermentation broth. This approach has a two fold benefit, purifying erythritol andproducing a salt concentrate that could be reused for a subsequent erythritol fermentation. In this thesis, four commercial ED membrane stacks were investigated and compared in terms ofdiffusion of erythritol and by-products, current efficiency, and energy consumption for the samesalt removal from a synthetic culture broth. The membrane pair composed of FAS-PET-130(AEM) and FKS-PET-130 (CEM) (Fumatech GmbH, Germany) had the highest currentefficiency (79.1%), high retention of products and by-products (0.53% erythritol losses fromfeed containing 25 g/L erythritol), and the membrane resistance and energy consumption in the range of other tested membranes. Step-wise voltage control was demonstrated to yield fewer product losses than the commonly applied constant current approach, mainly governed by the reduced contact time between the feed and the ion-exchange membranes. Finally, 2% erythritol losses were recorded when electrodialysis was operated with a real culture broth containing 25g/L erythritol.Concludingly, this thesis first investigated the methods for determining the limiting currentdensity in electrodialysis for the treatment of real waste streams. Followingly, the applicabilityof electrodialysis for resource recovery from fermentation wastewater in form of nutrient concentrates and recovered acids/bases was demonstrated. Electrodialysis was compared tomembrane filtration and ion exchange resins. Finally, electrodialysis was tested for erythritolseparation, a product from fermentation, to improve process sustainability. Results were summarized in four peer-reviewed publications.