dc.description.abstract
Phenomena related to non-linear system dynamics, including periodic oscillations, spatio-temporal pattern formation and deterministic chaos, are ubiquitous both in living and non-living systems: for example, rhythmical heart beat, emergence of consciousness from coupled synapses, or the chaotic nature of weather. In chemistry, non-linear behaviour is known from pattern formation in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction and was highlighted by the Nobel prize for Gerhard Ertl for his contributions to this field in surface science and catalysis. On the nanoscale, however, the generally rich phenomena are typically limited to globally synchronised periodic oscillations, caused by strong lateral coupling due to substantial diffusion lengths of reactants. In the present thesis, catalytic hydrogen oxidation on Rh surfaces was employed as model system to investigate non-linear chemical dynamics on the nm-scale, both experimentally using field emission microscopy (FEM) as in situ imaging technique, and theoretically by micro-kinetic model simulations, providing further insight into the role of lateral interaction via hydrogen diffusion. The catalysts were characterised with atomic resolution using field ion microscopy (FIM). This approach made possible to change the established paradigm of globally coupled reaction behaviour on the nanoscale, revealing a plethora of non-linear phenomena, never before observed on this length scale. To achieve this goal, the system complexity was step-wise increased by fabricating different samples with distinct crystallographic properties and various external reaction parameter ratios were screened.Recently, multifrequential oscillations on a curved Rh crystal were observed in catalytic hydrogen oxidation, caused by local temperature-induced surface reconstructions, limiting the diffusion of hydrogen. In the work described herein, the experimental results were rationalised by micro-kinetic model simulations, considering spatial interactions by using a grid of coupled oscillators. Each oscillator represented a different nanofacet on the catalyst surface, with individual nanofacets communicating via hydrogen surface diffusion. Besides being able to accurately reproduce all experimentally observed aspects of the reaction behaviour including synchronisation, entrainment, frequency locking and period doubling, the novel calculations emphasised the essential role of lateral interactions on the oscillation behaviour of the system.In order to better understand the role of different crystallographic regions on the reaction behaviour, identifying the reaction pacemakers, which are responsible for triggering kinetic transitions, is vital. Consequently, synchronised oscillations on a Rh nanotip apex were investigated and a sophisticated algorithm for determining reaction pacemakers, i.e., the transition point tracking method, was developed. Highly corrugated regions adjacent to relatively flat terraces turned out to be the pacemakers, allowing fast formation/depletion of subsurface oxygen at the corrugated regions while diffusion supply of hydrogen occurs on the terraces. The experiments were supported by micro-kinetic modelling, confirming that only the synergy of these two effects determines the pacemaker location. Chaotic behaviour has neither been observed for hydrogen oxidation before, nor in any other chemical reaction on the nanoscale. In an attempt to evoke chaotic behaviour, a multifaceted Rh nanotip apex with an asymmetric ellipsoidal shape, acting as compartmentalised reaction system, was fabricated. The oscillating mode of the hydrogen oxidation reaction was studied for a wide range of external parameters, revealing a transition from synchronised monofrequential oscillations to multifrequential oscillations and, eventually, to chaotic behaviour. The transitions between these modes coincided with a decay in spatial correlation, as demonstrated using hierarchical clustering based on mutual spatial correlation coefficients of the locally observed behaviour. The presence of chaotic behaviour was confirmed by calculation of Lyapunov exponents from the micro-kinetic modelling results. Electropositive promotors, such as alkali or rare earth metals, can be applied to enhance the catalytic properties of a reaction system, however, their influence on non-linear behaviour has not been considered so far. Therefore, kinetic transitions and oscillations were investigated on a La modified sample and compared to the results of the same but unmodified surface. A submonolayer coverage of La shifted the kinetic transition points to higher hydrogen partial pressures and changed the complex temporal oscillation pattern by deactivating a specific pacemaker type which was active on the La-free surface. Micro-kinetic model simulations suggest that La-enhanced oxygen activation on the catalyst was the origin for the observed effects.
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