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<div class="csl-entry">Dworak, S., Rechberger, H., & Fellner, J. (2022). How will tramp elements affect future steel recycling in Europe? – A dynamic material flow model for steel in the EU-28 for the period 1910 to 2050. <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</i>, <i>179</i>, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106072</div>
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dc.identifier.issn
0921-3449
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dc.identifier.uri
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12708/20501
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dc.description.abstract
Global steel production has undergone massive growth since WWII. In recent decades, however, affluent regions such as the US and the EU-28 have been experiencing a saturation of the steel market. Stagnant steel production volumes and increased post-consumer scrap volumes are the consequence. The increasing shares of post-consumer scrap provide the opportunity to increase the scrap rate (share of utilized scrap) in crude steel production. However, steel recycling has a major limiting factor: the content of specific tramp elements. In the present study, a dynamic material flow model for steel is used to compare available scrap with crude steel demand on a quantitative and qualitative level (tramp element content of Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr and Sn). The results show that post-consumer scrap increases from 80 Mt/yr (65% of all scrap available) in 2020 to more than 100 Mt/yr (75% of all scrap available) in 2050. Based on the model, the development of the yearly surplus of low purity scrap (for which there is a higher supply than demand) was assessed via material pinch analysis. The low purity scrap surplus rises further, from today's 20 Mt/yr (2020) to 43 Mt/yr in 2050. Assuming that the current handling of scrap continues, the maximal scrap rate is shown to lie at around 55%, while the potential scrap rate (without quality constraints) could reach 75%. The dilution of low purity scrap with high purity resources would allow the utilization of all scrap until 2040 if the current collection scheme remains in place.
en
dc.language.iso
en
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dc.publisher
ELSEVIER
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dc.relation.ispartof
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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dc.rights.uri
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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dc.subject
dynamic modelling
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dc.subject
material flow analysis
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dc.subject
steel flows
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dc.subject
steel scrap
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dc.subject
steel stocks
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dc.subject
tramp elements
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dc.title
How will tramp elements affect future steel recycling in Europe? – A dynamic material flow model for steel in the EU-28 for the period 1910 to 2050