Neutron Radiation Challenges for HTS Fusion Magnets

Abstract

Nuclear fusion promises to be a practically inexhaustible energy source and research on its exploitation started in the 1940s, unfortunately, only successful for nuclear weapons so far. Attempts for producing energy for the benefit of humankind set in nearly simultaneously but turned out to be much more challenging. Two different approaches to create a plasma hot and dense enough to produce more energy by fusion reactions than required for its generation were followed since the very beginning: The first being inertial confinement that mimics the mechanism in nuclear weapons. The nuclear fuel is heated and compacted extremely fast resulting in a very dense plasma with a high fusion rate limited to the timescale the plasma needs to expand during the resulting explosion. Recently, a net energy gain, where the fusion energy exceeded the energy deposited in the nuclear fuel (Q>1) was achieved for the first time. The second approach relies on a magnetic confinement of the charged particles and can in principle lead to a continuously burning plasma. However, a net energy gain was not realized so far. In both cases, the progress was continuous but slow, since there was no immediate need for fusion power plants. The first fusion device aiming at a useful energy gain (ITER, Q ≈ 10) has been under construction for many years now and it will take more than another decade until experiments with a burning plasma will start. Europe plans a first demonstration reactor (DEMO) producing electricity for the second half of this century. The situation changed with the broad public awareness of the climate change creating an immediate need for alternative energy sources. Fusion was reconsidered but the existing programs were obviously too slow to face the challenge; thus new, privately funded initiatives took the stage. The vast majority of these projects is based on the idea to increase the magnetic field for confinement, which is only possible by using high temperature superconductors. A higher magnetic field enhances the power density of the burning plasma and enables much compacter designs, which in turn promises a significant cost reduction and commercial viability of fusion power plants. However, the increased power density leads to other challenges, among them the increased neutron (and heat flux) density. A small fraction of the neutrons will reach the superconducting magnets degrading their performance and hence limiting their lifetime. Results of neutron irradiation experiments on high temperature superconducting tapes performed at the TRIGA reactor in Vienna will be presented. Their implication for the lifetime of conventional and compact fusion reactor concepts will be compared. Mechanism for the degradation of the conductor performance will be introduced and related to the neutron induced defect structure. Finally, possible mitigation strategies will be discussed.