Tactical medicine in virtual reality : using VR to improve emergency medical preparedness

Abstract

This thesis presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a virtual reality (VR) training simulation for tactical medicine, developed using Unity and optimized for the Meta Quest 3 headset. The system recreates a high-stress scenario inspired by realworld knife attack incidents and integrates hand tracking for natural interaction. The training focuses on triage, bleeding control, and communication with injured patients and bystanders. A qualitative user study involving ten participants with prior first aid or tactical medical experience was conducted to evaluate three research questions: (1) whether realistic scenario design affects perceived stress and immersion, (2) how different interaction methods (hand tracking vs. controllers) impact usability, and (3) whether users view VR as a complement or replacement for traditional training. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that realistic audio-visual cues increase immersion, but do not necessarily heighten stress. Hand tracking was perceived as more intuitive, though limited by technical constraints. Participants overwhelmingly saw VR as a valuable supplement to—but not a substitute for—physical training. The findings highlight VR’s potential for scalable, immersive, and safe training solutions in emergency medicine.