dc.description.abstract
Catalysts play a crucial role in shaping today’s world, serving as an indispensable tool for the cost-, resource-, and energy-efficient production of most manufactured goods. Looking ahead, many future-oriented technologies, such as those aimed at combating climate change, will also depend on the development and application of new, efficient catalysts. Yet, despite their importance, catalyst development still largely relies on inefficient trial-and-error methods. In contrast, a surface science approach pursues a rational design strategy, grounded in a fundamental understanding of the relationship between catalyst structure and function.In this context, the present thesis investigates the interplay between surface structure and composition, and catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability in a series of model and applied catalysts. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of modern surface science techniques for comprehensive catalyst characterization, combined with kinetic experiments to assess catalytic performance.To elucidate the structure of the catalysts, a broad range of characterization methods was employed, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Kinetic studies were carried out in a flow reactor with product analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to evaluate catalytic performance, while isotope exchange experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further rationalized observed trends. Deactivation studies and post-reaction analyses were performed to assess any structural changes under reaction conditions.Various catalyst systems were investigated as part of this work. First, graphite-supported Ag, Au and Cu nanoparticles (NPs) were used as model catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Notably, these supported metals exhibited ~200 times higher activity in ethylene hydrogenation compared to their pure metal foil counterparts, which was attributed to enhanced hydrogen adsorption at the metal/carbon interface. Next, bimetallic, Cu-rich NPs with a high density of defects were produced via femtosecond laser ablation of a CuZn target. The NPs were deposited on graphite to serve as model catalysts, with their catalytic activity in ethylene hydrogenation primarily governed by metal loading.In the field of applied catalysis, Cu/ZnO based nanocatalysts were investigated for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, a key bulk chemical. In comparison to an industrial benchmark catalyst, the nanocatalysts demonstrated improved selectivity at low temperatures, likely due to CuZn alloy phase formation. Furthermore, Ni catalysts on MgO-ZrO2 supports were characterized and tested for the partial oxidation of biomethane. Owing to the formation of two solid solutions, NiO–MgO and MgO–ZrO2, the Mg-containing catalysts exhibited low coke formation while providing high activity and selectivity in the formation of synthesis gas, a major feedstock in chemical industry.Lastly, sustainably synthesized catalysts were explored. Microalgae-derived Co3O4 NPs were characterized and tested for catalytic CO oxidation, a critical reaction that serves to remove the toxic compound from exhaust gases. These catalysts exhibited favorable activity, potentially enhanced by the presence of organic dopants, and offer scope for further improvement via increased specific surface area. Finally, TiO2 NPs upcycled from waste materials were developed for use in photocatalytically active paints. The green nanocatalysts outperformed a standard TiO2 photocatalyst in self-cleaning performance, attributed to the incorporation of P, N, and C dopants which mitigated charge carrier recombination.Overall, the findings presented in this thesis contribute to a better understanding of structure-function relationships in heterogeneous catalysts and provide valuable insights for the development of more sustainable and efficient catalysts across various applications.
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