dc.description.abstract
Free-Space Optical (FSO) satellite communication has become the key technology for the next generation of high-speed data transmission from and to space. Compared to radio frequency (RF) systems it offers advantages such as large communication bandwidth, no licensing, little regulatory challenges, no frequency congestion, as well as interference and increased communication security. However, the major challenge of FSO satellite communication systems is the vast amount of link losses, such as distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence, increased pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) requirements, atmospheric attenuation and its general weather dependence, degrading its achievable performance. Based on a broader utilization of FSO satellite communication and the resulting necessity of multiple optical ground stations (OGS) for each region, a large number of OGS is required. Furthermore, the desired operation during daylight and dawn conditions increases the mentioned link losses and introduces new challenges for future OGS telescope systems. The exposure to considerable temperature variations and gradients may significantly decrease the optical performance of the used telescope, thus degrading the link quality.Active optics and adaptive optics (AO) have been proposed to overcome these limitations and are used regularly in larger telescope systems and astronomical applications. The main idea is the opto-mechatronic compensation of disturbances by measuring the current imaging quality and compensating the resulting wavefront error (WFE) with high spatial and temporal resolution. Active optics focus on the performance of the telescope system exposed to thermal and gravitational influences. AO typically deal with disturbances acting onto the optical channel, such as atmospheric turbulence, PAT errors, vibrations, and wind buffeting, and, in general, requires higher compensation bandwidth at lower amplitudes. Their application in small telescope systems, often used in FSO communication, has been studied in literature and shown to be feasible but not in a combined approach with the target application of FSO satellite communication. This thesis investigates the opto-mechatronic compensation of disturbances limiting the performance of FSO satellite communication, focusing on the implementation at the OGS. An extensive link budget is used during system analysis to identify limiting and dominant properties and parameters of the full FSO link. Based on the state of the art and the link budget results, three main compensation approaches are proposed and evaluated. First, a closed-loop active optic approach based on dimensional metrology is studied to ensure the telescope’s good imaging quality in the presence of severe thermal disturbances and mechanical deformation due to gravitational influences. The dimensional metrology does not need a wavefront sensor (WFS) or a fraction of the application’s light. With a closed-loop bandwidth of up to 3 Hz, an RMS wavefront error (WFE) reduction by a factor of 7.2 is achieved during exposure to an asymmetric thermal disturbance of 28 ◦C, resulting in a Strehl ratio of 82%, even in the worst case.Second, with a particular emphasis, a high-bandwidth tip-tilt compensation system as representative of a low-order adaptive optics system. For this approach, a tip-tilt sensor based on a segmented photo-diode is used with feedback control and inertial metrology in a feed-forward manner for vibration compensation. Tip-tilt compensation significantly reduces the WFE in various experiments, confirming the system analysis results, which identify this approach as an excellent compromise between performance gain and system complexity. Based on experimental data acquired over a 144 km horizontal link between two Canary Islands as a worst-case scenario, an improvement of the amount of light concentrated onto the detector by a factor of 2 for a 10 Gbps detector and by a factor of 1.6 for a 1 Gbps detector is achieved, underlining the potential of this approach.Third, a full AO system, including a dedicated FSM for tip-tilt compensation, is implemented, and various control approaches for combined compensation are evaluated. The evaluation indicates that a control structure with an independent tip-tilt compensation loop in addition to a higher order compensation system based on a deformable mirror and a wavefront sensor, achieves the best WFE reduction by a factor of 7.7.To summarize, all investigated opto-mechatronic compensation approaches for the OGS of an FSO satellite communication system contribute significantly to improving the link quality, with tip-tilt compensation as a good trade-off between system complexity and, thus, cost-efficiency and performance gain.
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