dc.description.abstract
The yeast-like genus Aureobasidium is a polymorphic, multi-budding, ubiquitous fungus often encountered in various locations. The organism is characterized by morphological plasticity and the ability to thrive in oligotrophic environments, adapting to unique and atypical habitats. Industrially, A. pullulans is highly significant, since most strains are able to produce the extracel-lular polysaccharide pullulan.The aim of this work was to obtain a deletion strain of A. pullulans EXF-150, with the further perspective of achieving a simple molecular tool for the genetic manipulation of the yeast-like fungus. Therefore the gene ura3 was targeted, encoding for orotidine 5’-phosphate decar-boxylase. An active gene results in the expression of orotidine 5’-phosphate 4-decarboxylase, catalyzing the decarboxylation of Orotidine 5-Monophosphate (OMP) to Uridine Monophos-phate (UMP). When 5-Fluoroorotic Acid (5-FOA) is added to the selection medium, the enzyme converts 5-FOA to 5-fluorouracil, inevitably leading to cell death. On the contrary, a successful deletion of the gene, 5-FOA cannot be converted to 5-fluorouracil, resulting in viable cells.Intended deletion of the gene ura3 via protoplast-mediated and chemical transformation resulted in an induced missense mutation, whereby a nucleic acid base substitution (C to A), leads to an amino acid substitution (cysteine to alanine). The generated deletion strains were capable of growing on selction medium containg 5-FOA. This outcome is suspected to be connected to protein loss of function, due to the amino acid substitution. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the mutation is induced by Cas9 activity, since it occurs in close proximity to the intented cut site of Cas9. This again can occur as a consequence of inaccurate DNA repair mechanisms.The study emphasizes reoccuring problems of different transformation methods and shows how these can pose as a stress factor for the organisms, forcing them to adapt to unfavourable habitats.The filamentous, mesophilic, saprophytic fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the most potent modern hosts for the industrial production of a plethora of enzymes and proteis. Nevertehless, for the past decades research focused on the properties of secondary metabolites due to their importance. Secondary metabolites are often encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and mainly produced when the microorganism has limited resources, enabling survival in harsh conditions. The dia BGC has aroused the interest of researchers, because of the potential antifungal and antimicrobial activities of the involved metabolites. In T. reesei the dia BGC has yet not been extensively studied and to gain some insight in the dia BGC, activation of the cluster is required. Therefore, diaR1, encoding the zinc cluster protein, was previously overexpressed by positioning the coding region under the regulation of the TEF1 promotor, resulting in the overexpression strain designated OEdiaR1. Furthermore, OEdiaR1 deletion mutants were constructed and their transcript levels were analysed.A wild type (QM6a ∆mus53) deletion mutant was constructed, whereby the gene dia3 was deleted. For this purpose a hygromycin split marker strategy was applied. Further comparison of the strains involved growth analysis by microscopy. In addition, the dry cell weight, and tehreby the biomass production, was compared for all deletion strains to the wild type.In the scope of this work it was revealed that, the lowest transcript abundance values were observed, when dia3 is deleted. This outcome was supported by visual comparison of all strains, whereby it was observed that the deletion strain ∆dia3 has an impaired growth. This indicates the significance of dia3 in the dia BGC. Furthermore, visual and microscopic analysis revealed a slight growth impairment due to the over expression of the dia BGC (OEdiaR1), indicating a mild growth inhibition due to the activation of the dia BGC. This again seems to be counteracted by the deletion of dia1.These findings empahsize the significance of the gene dia3 in the dia BGC and show the complexicity of the metabolic pathway for the production of diaporthinic acid, contributing to a better understanding of the dia BGC.
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