The Nuances of Creepiness: A Systematic Literature Review of Creepy Technology

Abstract

The ambiguity surrounding ‘creepy technology’ in HCI poses significant challenges, as its interpretation varies considerably based on research focus. While it is commonly linked to the appearance of robots and concerns about data privacy and security, it is increasingly associated with functionality, unpredictability, and appropriateness of system behaviour and interaction. Clarifying this ambiguity is vital for designers, as it directly affects user experience and trust in technology. To address this, we undertook a systematic review of 115 papers, identifying key themes related to design choices and contextual elements of creepiness. Based on this review, we developed the Creepiness Framework, which comprises two main components: the Structure of Creepiness and Felt Creepiness. The framework clarifies the dynamics of creepy technology. Additionally, we derive design-relevant insights into creepiness features that can guide the development of technologies that are more predictable and less likely to evoke unintended feelings of creepiness.