Passive measures for reducing space cooling demand in the EU-27: Potentials and costs

Abstract

Space cooling demand in Europe is on the rise, yet systematic assessments of how passive measures can moderate this growth remain scarce. Passive measures such as shading, glazing, and ventilation reduce cooling demand by limiting heat gains without relying on active energy use. This study evaluates their techno-economic potential across the EU-27 using a bottom-up building stock model. By linking energy savings with investment needs, we construct country-level cost curves that establish a merit order for implementation. Results show that shading and glazing upgrades are the most cost-effective measures, with multi-family buildings delivering higher savings at lower costs than single-family houses. Regional differences are notable: Mediterranean countries show limited additional headroom, while Central and Northern Europe retain larger unrealized potentials. The findings provide policymakers with a practical roadmap for integrating passive cooling into national renovation plans and local energy plans, thereby supporting the long-term objectives of European energy and building directives.