Circularity assessment of the lithium-ion battery recycling technologies

Abstract

The transition to sustainable energy solutions has significantly increased the demand for lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries have become essential in powering modern technologies, particularly in electric and hybrid vehicles, due to their high energy density, minimal memory effect, and long cycle life. As demand for these batteries continues to rise, attention is increasingly turning to their End-of-Life management. The growing reliance on lithium-ion batteries reflects broader technological and societal progress, but it also brings environmental challenges, including resource depletion, increased waste, and ecological harm. These issues highlight the urgent need for a more sustainable and circular economic model. Current recycling practices mainly target the recovery of valuable metals such ascobalt, nickel, and copper. However, lithium recovery remains inefficient and underdeveloped, despite its critical role in battery production. With the European Union setting ambitious recycling and sustainability targets, enhancing the circularity of lithium-ion battery recycling processes is becoming a key priority. Improving the efficiency and scope of recycling technologies is essential not only for conserving resources but also for reducing environmental impact and supporting the transition to a greener economy. A comprehensive approach to lithium-ion battery lifecycle management will be vital in achieving long-term sustainability goals. The thesis aims to perform a Circularity Assessment to evaluate the potential of recycling technologies in transforming the lithium-ion battery value chain into a more circular and sustainable system. This assessment examines the extent to which these technologies close material loops, minimize waste, and enhance resource efficiency, using scientific literature and ISO 59020:2024 circularity standards as the analytical basis. The results indicate that selecting, prioritizing, and calculating circularity indicators facilitates the evaluation of lithiumionbattery recycling technologies, while improved data accuracy from recycling facilities enhances the robustness of the evaluation.