dc.description.abstract
This dissertation investigates the modeling, design, and experimental validation of liquid desiccant falling film absorbers working with ionic liquids for energy-efficient air conditioning of cold stores. The work aims to improve the understanding of the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena in falling film absorbers, and to demonstrate their potential for energy-efficient conditioning of cold stores. Three complementary studies were conducted, combining numerical modeling and experimental methods at different levels of detail. The first part of the dissertation introduces a detailed, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a liquid desiccant falling film absorber with vertical plates. This model solves for the simultaneous heat and mass transfer between a downward-flowing desiccant film and a cross-flowing humid air stream, accounting for local equilibrium at the interface. A newly developed solver that uses the open-source CFD framework OpenFOAM, along with custom coupling conditions, was created to model the absorption process between the air and the liquid desiccant film. The model was validated against experimental data from previous studies. Subsequently, the model was employed to optimize the absorber geometry, and two novel absorber designs, the wire geometry and the stacked arrangement, were developed and analyzed. The wire geometry incorporates wires into the air channel which significantly enhance the mixing of the air flow through induced vortex shedding. A single 1.5 mm wire increased the absorbed mass flow rate by 28 %, allowing for a 35 % shorter absorber but raised the pressure drop by 60 %. The stacked arrangement features offset absorber steps to ensure contact between the humid air core and the desiccant surface. With three absorber steps, the design reduced the absorber length by 25 % while limiting the increase in pressure drop to 25 %. Thus, the stacked arrangement achieved similar absorption improvements as the wire geometry with significantly lower pressure drop, making it the more suitable for practical use. The second part describes the development and implementation of a reduced, one-dimensional model, which was developed and implemented in Dymola/Modelica. The model enables fast simulations for design studies and system simulations, while retaining the coupled nature of heat and mass transfer. However, it replaces the spatially resolved CFD domain by semi-empirical correlations for the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers derived from literature. The results of the reduced order model were compared to the CFD results and experimental data under conditions relevant for air conditioning of both buildings and cold stores. Despite being over 400 times faster in computation time, the reduced order model reproduced the outlet air temperature, the absorbed water vapor mass flow rate, and the air-side pressure drop within ±0.14 K, ±1.3$ %, and ±3.9 %, respectively. These results demonstrate that the reduced order model retains predictive accuracy while being suitable for integration into system simulations. Thus, the model was used to design the test bench for the experimental validation of the proposed system. The third part of the dissertation presents the experimental evaluation of the system. A dual-circuit test bench was built to simulate realistic cold store conditions for the absorber and controlled ambient conditions for the regenerator. The experiments assessed the impact of the flow rate of the desiccant solution, as well as the cooling and regeneration temperatures, on the performance of the falling film absorbers. Sherwood numbers of Sh ≈ 3.0-4.8 were obtained, corresponding to mass transfer coefficients of β ≈ 12.5-20 mm/s. The Sherwood number was found to be largely independent on desiccant solution mass flow rate and coolant or heating temperature, indicating gas-side diffusion-limited mass transfer with stable liquid-film wetting. Furthermore, the absorber-based system effectively prevented frost formation and maintained stable cooling, while a conventional air cooler required periodic defrosting and showed severe performance degradation. A system-level energy assessment revealed that an absorber-based system using a standard fin-and-tube heat exchanger not only offers potential energy savings but also enables a reduction in system size of approximately one quarter compared to a conventional system, due to the elimination of frost formation. Additionally, the system's ability to operate with a regeneration temperature as low as 42 °C was demonstrated, making it possible to utilize waste heat from the refrigeration system. Overall, the dissertation successfully bridges the gap between the fundamental modeling and experimental testing of the proposed open absorption falling film absorber technology. The combined use of CFD, reduced order modeling, and experimental validation provides a coherent framework for designing and optimizing falling film absorbers. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the technical feasibility and potential of open absorption systems based on ionic liquids for efficiently conditioning cold stores. These systems do not only have the potential to control air humidity and increase performance. They are also able to reduce system size as they do not experience performance degradation due to frost accumulation.
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