dc.description.abstract
Interfaces at the atomic length scale are crucial in many modern applications, from experimental techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), via the efficiency of additives in biofuels to nanotechnologies applied, for example, in nano-electromechanical-systems (NEMS). Furthermore, detailed insights into such interfaces are of fundamental interest for better understanding of tribological processes, like nanoscale wear and lubrication, for which there is still a lack of knowledge due to their highly complex nature. In this thesis two interfacial phenomena of high fundamental and technological interest are investigated in detail. First, the contact and interfacial properties between atomically flat surfaces and secondly, the adsorption of organic molecules on pristine and water-covered iron surface are discussed. To study these processes ab initio calculations were performed within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). At first, the approach, contact and subsequent separation of two atomically flat surfaces consisting of different materials were investigated by performing DFT simulations. Aluminium (Al) and titanium nitride (TiN) slabs were chosen as a model system representing a metal-ceramic interface and the interaction between soft and hard materials. The approach and separation were simulated by moving one slab in discrete steps normal to the surfaces allowing for electronic and atomic relaxations after each step. Various configurations were analyzed by considering (001), (011) and (111) surface orientations as well as numerous lateral arrangements of these surfaces at the interface. Several tests were done, for example, by changing the system size or using different approximations for the exchange correlation functional. The atomistic simulations revealed the influences of all these factors on adhesion, equilibrium distance and material transfer and showed these to depend sensitively on the chosen configuration due to distinct bonding situations. Bonding between the slabs was investigated in detail by examining its effect on charge densities and densities of state. Material transfer, in particular, was observed if the absolute value of the adhesion energy for a given configuration is larger than the energy cost to remove surface layers. The removal energy for Al layers was found to depend on tensile or compressive strain. Furthermore, it was shown that a simple comparison of the surface energies of the slabs is not sufficient to predict the occurrence of material transfer. Assessing the computational setup it was shown that properties such as the removal and adhesion energies depend on these settings to some degree, while the material transfer is not affected. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen at the interface was investigated, demonstrating the importance of the particular arrangement of oxygen atoms at the interface. Secondly, the adsorption of the organic molecules ethanol and isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) on a bcc Fe(100) surface was studied. The importance of van der Waals (vdW) interactions in such systems was examined by comparing density functionals with and without vdW contributions. In particular, the impact of these functionals on the adsorption energies, equilibrium configurations, electronic charge distributions and the binding mechanism is discussed. According to the calculations, vdW interactions enhance the adsorption energies and decrease the equilibrium distances. In particular, these effects are more pronounced for isooctane than for ethanol. Nevertheless, vdW forces do not influence the spatial configurations of the adsorbed molecules, but effect the electronic densities via a non-isotropic, delocalized accumulation of charge between a selected molecule and the slab. Isooctane binds to the Fe(100) surface via dispersion forces primarily while for ethanol, in addition to the dispersion forces, a weak electrostatic interaction between the hydroxyl group and the iron surface also contributes to the bonding. Consequently, vdW forces are essential for the adsorption of the considered molecules on a bcc Fe(100) surface. Furthermore, a water mono-layer covering the iron surface was investigated with respect to its configuration on the iron slab as well as its influence on the adsorption of the considered organic molecules. For the studied molecules, where dispersion forces contribute significantly to the binding mechanism, the water layer has a strong screening effect. Thus, with the introduction of a water layer, the adsorption energy of isooctane and ethanol was reduced. This effect can be increased by the presence of polar functional groups such as in the ethanol molecule. The adsorption configuration of ethanol was changed, while for isooctane it was altered only very slightly. Thus, the effect of a water layer in the adsorption of organic molecules on an Fe(100) surface strongly depends on the type of bond.
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