The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00815/full#supplementary-material" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00815/full#supplementary-material</a>.
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dc.description.abstract
Knowledge on the availability of dissolved oxygen inside microfluidic cell culture systems is vital for recreating physiological-relevant microenvironments and for providing reliable and reproducible measurement conditions. It is important to highlight that in vivo cells experience a diverse range of oxygen tensions depending on the resident tissue type, which can also be recreated in vitro using specialized cell culture instruments that regulate external oxygen concentrations. While cell-culture conditions can be readily adjusted using state-of-the-art incubators, the control of physiological-relevant microenvironments within the microfluidic chip, however, requires the integration of oxygen sensors. Although several sensing approaches have been reported to monitor oxygen levels in the presence of cell monolayers, oxygen demands of microfluidic three-dimensional (3D)-cell cultures and spatio-temporal variations of oxygen concentrations inside two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cell culture systems are still largely unknown. To gain a better understanding on available oxygen levels inside organ-on-a-chip systems, we have therefore developed two different microfluidic devices containing embedded sensor arrays to monitor local oxygen levels to investigate (i) oxygen consumption rates of 2D and 3D hydrogel-based cell cultures, (ii) the establishment of oxygen gradients within cell culture chambers, and (iii) influence of microfluidic material (e.g., gas tight vs. gas permeable), surface coatings, cell densities, and medium flow rate on the respiratory activities of four different cell types. We demonstrate how dynamic control of cyclic normoxic-hypoxic cell microenvironments can be readily accomplished using programmable flow profiles employing both gas-impermeable and gas-permeable microfluidic biochips.
en
dc.description.sponsorship
European Union’s Horizon 2020
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dc.description.sponsorship
Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)
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dc.language
English
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dc.language.iso
en
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dc.publisher
Frontiers Media SA
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dc.relation.ispartof
Frontiers in Physiology
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dc.rights.uri
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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dc.subject
microfluidics
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dc.subject
3D culture
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dc.subject
biosensor
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dc.subject
oxygen
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dc.subject
oxygen gradient
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dc.subject
organ-on-a-chip
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dc.subject
lab-on-a-chip
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dc.subject
hydrogel
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dc.title
Every Breath You Take: Non-invasive Real-Time Oxygen Biosensing in Two- and Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Cell Models
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dc.type
Article
en
dc.type
Artikel
de
dc.rights.license
Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International
de
dc.rights.license
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
en
dc.contributor.affiliation
Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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dc.contributor.affiliation
Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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dc.contributor.affiliation
AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austria
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dc.contributor.affiliation
AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austria
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dc.contributor.affiliation
AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austria
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dc.contributor.affiliation
Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria