Recent advancements of EC-QCL based mid-IR transmission spectroscopy of proteins and application to analysis of bovine milk

Abstract

BACKGROUND: High emission powers of external cavity-quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) light sources allow to employ significantly larger path lengths for infrared (IR) transmission measurements compared to conventional Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements employing thermal emitters. <br /><br />OBJECTIVE: An EC-QCL based IR transmission setup is presented as a viable alternative for analysis of proteins in both, academic protein structure studies as well as in process analytical applications. Here, the application of EC-QCL based IR transmission spectroscopy is introduced for i) monitoring of the protein secondary structure and ii) rapid screening of the thermal history of commercial milk samples without prior sample preparation. <br /><br />METHODS: Proteins present in milk were measured by QCL-IR and FTIR spectroscopy and spectra were compared. Dynamic conformational changes were followed by QCL-IR spectroscopy after chemical denaturation. Sixteen commercial milk samples were surveyed by QCL-IR spectroscopy and classified according to the experienced heat load during processing. <br /><br />RESULTS: The 4–5 times higher applicable transmission path length (38 μm for QCL-IR vs. 8 μm for FTIR measurements) allows robust measurements of the protein amide I band in aqueous solutions. It was shown that IR spectra of the protein amide I band acquired by EC-QCL transmission spectroscopy are comparable to FTIR spectra and the acquired spectra were employed for the study of conformational changes in protein standard solutions. Furthermore, a classification analysis of commercial bovine milk samples based on their thermal history was accomplished. <br /><br />CONCLUSIONS: The potential application of EC-QCL IR spectroscopy was demonstrated as a tool for following conformational changes of the secondary protein structure as well as for fast screening to estimate the heat load applied to commercial milk.