dc.description.abstract
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIB) have been the main power source for a wide range of portable electronic consumer products. In this day and age they are being extensively evaluated for large-scale applications such as hybrid-electric vehicles, with the aim to reduce dependence on oil and alleviate air pollution. For such applications LIB technology requires long lasting batteries with high energy density, high power density and light weight. The active mass of the positive electrode is a major performance limiting material in LIB technology. Recently, a transition-metal oxide Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) with similar layered structure to that of LiCoO2 (LCO), which is still the dominant cathode material in commercial LIB, has attracted significant attention. The advantages of NMC are: low cost, less toxicity, good rate capability, better thermal stability and cycling performance, compared to LCO and higher practical reversible capacity. It has been reported that NMC can deliver a capacity of 150 mAhg-1 cycled between 3.5 and 4.2 V and a capacity over 200 mAhg-1 upon charging to 5.0 V. It has a very smooth charge-discharge curve between 2.5 and 4.4 V. [1],[2],[3],[4] In order to get a better understanding of the materials- performance this thesis is therefore focused on the impact of physicochemical parameters on the electrochemical behavior of NMC cathode material. Thus, layered NMC was successfully prepared through co-precipitation method and compared with two commercial available NMC cathode materials (one of the company BASF and one of the company Sigma Aldrich). The samples were physicochemically characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method and laser diffraction analysis. Parameters like rate capability, capacity retention and cycleability were explored by charge-discharge cycling (CC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A well-layered structure with no impurity phase and nearly stoichiometric composition of transition metals was observed for the BASF NMC and the self-synthesized NMC and their electrochemical properties were comparable. Sigma Aldrich NMC contains a spinel-like second phase and shows poor electrochemical properties. XPS study results show that the predominant valence states of Mn, Ni and Co are 4+, 2+ and 3+, respectively. The oxidation and reduction peaks of BASF and self-synthesized NMC were found to be at around 3.8 V and around 3.7 V, respectively, which corresponds to the redox reaction of Ni2+/Ni4+. Compared to the BASF NMC, the self-synthesized NMC shows a larger specific surface area which can be attributed to the smaller particle size and the morphology. Although self-synthesized NMC showed a better initial capacity and better cycling performance at higher charge/discharge rate, BASF NMC exhibited the best cycling performance during the electrochemical processes. First discharge capacities achieved at 1 C were 152 mAhg-1 for BASF and 157 mAhg-1 for the self-synthesized NMC. Capacity retention after 50, 100, 150 and 200 cycles were 97 %, 93 %, 84 % and 72 % for BASF and 91 %, 84 %, 77 % and 67 % for self-synthesized NMC, respectively. Sigma Aldrich NMC electrodes deliver at 1 C rate an initial discharge capacity of 73.56 mAhg-1. Its capacity retention after 50, 100, 150 and 200 cycles was 74 %, 48 %, 39 % and 29 %, respectively. The internal resistance decreases with the increase of batterys- SOC. Additionally, the internal resistance decreases with increasing C-rate.
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