dc.description.abstract
To keep the myriads of today’s electrical power systems under control, comprehensive testing across primary and secondary facilities has become essential. In the majority of cases, testing equipment must be temporarily connected to the test objects via some kind of terminal. These terminals must fulfill a range of requirements, from simple and swift operability to having a distinguished current carrying capacity, thus tolerating specific current levels and flow times. Consequently, the requirement for a low and steady resistance arises.Easy operability, durability and robustness as well as cost-effectiveness make weld- ing/battery clamp-like terminals the first choice. Considering the requirement of manual operability, the range of forces to be investigated is amply set from 25 to 500N. Depending on the compromise between performance in high conductivity and low cost, the terminal can be made entirely of stainless steel on the cheaper end, or on the more costly side, with inserts on the contact jaws, made of more conductive materials, such as copper, brass or aluminum.The current carrying capacity must be designed for currents up to several hundred amperes with current flow times of several dozen seconds. The requirement for a low and steady contact resistance of a terminal over its lifetime goes hand in hand with its current carrying capacity.The goal of the work conducted within the scope of this diploma thesis is thus, to learn about and compare the influences that different materials, contact forces, current levels and current flow times have on the current carrying capacity, respectively contact resistance. Therefore, the experimental investigation of the current carrying capacity of contact pairs, made of aforementioned materials, is carried out. Further, the results are verified with the state of the art in contact technology. To ensure comparability, reproducibility as well as theoretical comprehensibility and straightforward modeling, the following systematic approach was chosen to study the contact resistance experimentally. Firstly, the contact samples were always paired with samples of the same material. Secondly, well defined model contact pieces in the form of cylindrical samples with a hemispherical cap have been chosen. Pressing the samples against each other concentrically, yields a well defined circular contact area. Further, the specimen were always treated similarly prior to getting clamped: sanded with P800 and the arising grinding dust being removed.Hence, Hertz’s equations for elastic contact can be used to calculate the contact area, which is needed as an input parameter for Holm’s model of constriction resistance. Besides the contact resistance, a significant criteria for judging contact points is the voltage drop ΔU across the contact joint. It allows assessing the quality of connections directly, since the value range between different materials is considerably narrower than for the contact resistance.The influence of current intensity and current flow duration was investigated. The available current levels reveal different effects, depending on current value and current flow duration, for the respective material and parameter combinations. For a few materials some effects cannot be observed due to the limits imposed by the available testing equipment. Omicron CPC 100, acting as a current source and multi- channel 4-wire measuring system, was used with specific in-house development software. This allowed for highly flexible test sequences and additional inputs, for example to also record sample temperature simultaneously. To determine the contact resistance as accurately as possible, while avoiding undesired coupling effects and especially inductive components of the voltage drop ΔU, DC testing current Itest was utilized.Different test sequences, with varying force, current and current flow time, were exe- cuted. The results were consistent with qualitative predictions from literature.
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