Universal rotation gauge via quantum anomalous Hall effect

Abstract

Integer quantum Hall effect allows to gauge the resistance standard up to more than one part in a billion. Combining it with the speed of light, one obtains the fine-structure constant α ≈ 1/137, a dimensionless reference number that can be extracted from a physical experiment. Most exact notion of this value and especially its possible variation on the cosmological time scales is of enormous relevance for fundamental science. In an optical experiment, the fine-structure constant can be directly obtained as purely geometrical angle by measuring the quantized rotation of light polarization in two-dimensional quantum wells. In realistic conditions, high external magnetic fields have to be applied, which strongly affects possible attainable accuracy. An elegant solution of this problem is provided by quantum anomalous Hall effect where a universal quantized value can be obtained in zero magnetic field. Here, we measure the fine-structure constant in a direct optical experiment that requires no material adjustments or technical calibrations. By investigating the Faraday rotation at the interference maxima of the dielectric substrate, the angle close to one a is obtained at liquid helium temperatures without using a dilution refrigerator. Such calibration and parameter-free experiment provides a system-of-unit-independent access to universal quantum of rotation.