Ion beam technologies are used in a plethora of applications in surface science, semiconduc-tor technology, and material science in general. In these applications it is the momentum of the ion, which is typically exploited to tailor material properties. The changing charge of the ion is either neglected or mostly seen as an obstacle when using scattered ions for material analy-sis. It can, however, be utilized to drive material modification on surfaces with high efficiency [1]. Charge exchange of ions at surfaces is a complex phenomenon which involves charge transport between the ion and the solid material as well as electronic excitations, both on the atomic scale and femtosecond time scale [2]. As direct timing resolution on that scale with ions is currently not available in an experiment, the ion charge exchange with solids remains elusive. To probe the material response to ions in elevated charge states and to understand the elec-tronic processes involved, we use slow heavy ions prepared in high charge states in our ex-periment. We further use freestanding two-dimensional materials which allow us to apply atomically-resolved transmission electron microscopy to study material damage by single ion impacts, perform charge state analysis of the ions after material transmission, and detect secondary electrons in coincidence with the transmitted ion [3]. In the case of ion transmis-sion through atomically flat materials, the interaction time is naturally limited to the femtosec-ond timescale and consequently we can link the experimental observables to processes ac-tive within this short amount of time. In the presentation I will discuss recent experimental work on ion charge exchange dynamics and will show how the emission of electrons can be used as a probe for the nanoscale sur-face charge dynamics triggered by the incoming ion. [1] Schwestka, J. et al. Atomic-Scale Carving of Nanopores into a van der Waals Heterostructure with Slow Highly Charged Ions. ACS Nano 14, 10536–10543 (2020). [2] Wilhelm, R. A. The charge exchange of slow highly charged ions at surfaces unraveled with freestanding 2D materials. Surface Science Reports 77, 100577 (2022). [3] Niggas, A. et al. Ion-Induced Surface Charge Dynamics in Freestanding Monolayers of Gra-phene and MoS2 Probed by the Emission of Electrons. Physical Review Letters 129, 086802 (2022).