Agricultural land use often causes higher erosion rates and higher release of nutrients compared to other land uses, potentially resulting in land degradation and reduced water quality. Among other parameters, suspended sediments and solutes, such as dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, control the water quality and therefore the usability of water and the ecological status of water bodies. Furthermore, a considerable part of greenhouse gas emissions, especially N2O, are indirect soil emissions via leaching and runoff caused by agricultural activities. Understanding the water driven transport processes of sediments and nutrients and their export from agricultural catchments is therefore important for both land and water resources management. The aim of this thesis is to explore these processes, in particular the flow paths, concentrations and loads of sediments, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen.In Chapter 2, the short-term dynamics of sediments during rainfall-runoff events and their impact on sediment load calculations were investigated. Due to a high variability in the relationship between runoff and sediment concentration, both during and between individual events and various hysteresis effects, instantaneous sediment concentrations and event loads are difficult to estimate. Therefore, five methods for calculating the instantaneous sediment concentrations in the stream and the resulting sediment loads were tested on 19 events in the hydrological open-air laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen, Lower Austria. Calibrated turbidity measurements (i) with high temporal resolution were used as a benchmark. A generalized rating curve approach of all data pairs (ii) between runoff and sediment concentration of the water samples resulted a considerable bias for both event specific sediment concentrations and total sediments loads. Fitting of event-specific rating curves (iii) still misrepresented instantaneous sediment concentrations within the events, but gave load estimations that were in a range of 5% of the benchmark. Two approaches accounting explicitly for hysteresis, applied to sediment concentrations of water samples (iv) and turbidity measurements (v), exhibited the best fit and provided load estimates that were within a range of 0–1% of the benchmark sediment concentrations. Testing the various hysteresis effects against event parameters such as event rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity and initial soil water content suggested a relationship with these parameters, which renders them useful for estimating concentrations based on this hysteresis model approach.As an open issue of the hysteresis model approach, the within-event time patterns of sediment concentrations usually differed from those of the associated precipitation. It was hypothesised that this phenomenon may be related to different sediment sources such as the stream bed itself, which was subsequently investigated in Chapter 3. To understand resuspension of stream bed sediments at the reach scale we artificially flooded the small stream of the HOAL Petzenkirchen by pumping sediment-free water into the stream (~17 m3, 57 l s-1). Two short floods were produced and flow, sediment and bromide concentrations were measured at three sites with high temporal resolution. Hydrologically, the two flood events were almost identical, however, a considerably smaller sediment load was resuspended and transported during the second event due to depletion of stream bed sediments. The results indicate that the first peak of the sedigraphs of natural events in this stream is indeed caused by the resuspension of streambed sediments, accounting for up to six percent of the event sediment load depending on total flow volume.In Chapter 4, the fate of the quantity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an agricultural hillslope - stream network system was explored. We measured DOC and DOM quality (by fluorescent spectrophotometry and PARAFAC analyses) of soil samples on three land use units (arable, grassland, forest), and of water samples from the stream and from seven tributaries (inlet, tile drains, spring). Soil DOC shows the highest concentrations in summer due to high temperatures. In contrast, DOC concentrations in the tributaries are lower in summer than in winter by between 19% and 31% due to higher microbial biomass and respiration. DOM composition of the soil eluate differs between land use units which, however, is not reflected by the DOM composition in the tributaries. DOM is related to DOC and to catchment soil moisture; wetter soils lead to more refractory terrestrial DOM and less labile, protein-like DOM. We estimated the DOC import from the tributaries into the stream as 125 kg during base flow conditions in the period February to December 2017 and the instream DOC production as 38 kg, considering mass balance and exchange with groundwater. Instream processes modify DOM quality over short flow distances.Chapter 5 is dedicated to nitrogen, another important nutrient. This analysis goes beyond the water bodies, additionally exploring atmospheric interactions. Specifically, the indirect nitrogen losses from agricultural areas and their contribution to greenhouse gases emission were evaluated by using 22 lysimeters, covering a wide range of soils, climatic conditions and management practices in Austria. The components of the nitrogen mass balance of the lysimeters were directly measured for several years. Both grassland and arable land plots gave significantly smaller values of FracLEACH than the default value of 0.3 recommended by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) for estimating annual emissions. FracLEACH is a factor that represents the fraction of nitrogen losses compared to total nitrogen inputs and sources. For grassland, FracLEACH values of only 0.02 were found which varied very little over the entire observation period. For arable sites, FracLEACH values were higher (around 0.25) and showed significant variability between years due to variations in crop rotation, fertilization rates, and yields. The new FracLEACH estimate for Austria of 0.15 has been used in the National Inventory Report submitted annually to the IPCC since 2016.This thesis contributes in both methodological and practical ways to the current knowledge of water related transport processes. The improved estimation method that accounts for the within-event dynamics of sediment transport gives more accurate estimates of sediment loads than the existing methods. These can support the evaluation of erosion protection measures and the optimization of land management in order to maintain the quality and ecological state of water bodies, while taking into account the viability of agricultural operations. The investigation of the transport processes of dissolved organic carbon and its composition has resulted in an enhanced understanding of the role of land use and other environmental factors in these processes, which can also support decision-making in the interaction between agriculture and water management. Finally, the analysis of nitrogen goes one step further. The new, more precise values of the factor representing nitrogen losses results in a reduction of the estimates of indirect soil emissions in Austria by 50% to 1,46 Gg N2O (laughing gas), corresponding to a CO2 equivalent of 435 Gg per year and thus also has enormous economic relevance due to the reduced target level of the overall emissions.