A Review of Smart Car Parking as IoT Systems

Abstract

Car parking systems have been investigated extensively for minimizing the waste of time and traffic congestion due to vehicles cruising to park. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies such as sensing and networking have been utilized in car parking systems to provide connectivity of car parking components and to determine occupancy. Also, cooperation among vehicles for car parking based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications has been investigated. However, interoperability, i.e., the ability for different systems to work together easily or to be used seamlessly, is one of the challenges for car parking systems, and for IoT applications in general. Car parking systems as part of city services can be owned by different stakeholders, which have different parking policies and use different car parking technologies. In this chapter, we outline conceptual architectures for parking systems, and highlight and discuss the challenges and approaches of interoperability in a range of smart car parking systems (implemented and proposed) in the literature.