Hematite α‐Fe₂O₃(0001) in Top and Side View: Resolving Long‐Standing Controversies about Its Surface Structure

Abstract

Hematite is a common iron oxide found in nature, and the α-Fe₂O₃(0001) plane is prevalent on the nanomaterial utilized in photo- and electrocatalytic applications. The atomic-scale structure of the surface remains controversial despite decades of study, partly because it depends on sample history as well as the preparation conditions. Here, a comprehensive study is performed using an arsenal of surface techniques (non-contact atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy) complemented by analyses of the near surface region by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results show that the so-called “bi-phase” termination forms even under highly oxidizing conditions; a (1 × 1) surface is only observed in the presence of impurities. Furthermore, it is shown that the biphase is actually a continuous layer distorted due to a mismatch with the subsurface layers, and thus not the proposed mixture of FeO(111) and α-Fe₂O₃(0001) phases. Overall, the results show how combining surface and cross-sectional imaging provides a full view that can be essential for understanding the role of the near-surface region on oxide surface properties.