dc.description.abstract
With energy-crisis, climate-change and economic instability being a determining factor of this time, the pursuit of self-sustaining, reliable and renewable energy sources has intensified. Hereby, biomass gasification is a proven technology, both for small and for larger scale plants. The most common type of plant is a fixed bed gasifier with combined heat and power (CHP). At this moment only woody biomass, usually in form of wood chips or pellets, are utilized in this type of gasifier. When looking at the agricultural and forest usage, it becomes evident that there is still is a lot of unused potential, especially for the use of non-woody biomass. This includes both waste materials from existing agriculture, such as straw or corn cobs, and purpose grown crops such as miscanthus and hay. So far, this non-woody biomass has been hampered by the low ash softening and melting points it exhibits. Hereby, ash softens in the gasifier and forms clumps which in turn clog the gasifier. Removal is usually only possible manually, which would lead to plant downtime. A proposed solution to this issue is the use of additives, either in the form of small amounts of non-combustible material, such as kaolin, dolomite or lime, or in the form of blends form non-woody and woody biomass. To assess the usefulness of the different additives and blends, ash softening indices have been developed, they do however still require empirical data regarding their accuracy for biomass gasification. The target temperature of ash softening is >1200 °C.This thesis aims at providing the empirical data, both regarding the evaluation of the indices and assessing the actual usability of non-woody biomass with additives and in form of blends. Before the experimental part, a background research is conduced. Hereby, an overview over biomass in general, ash composition and behaviour, the pelleting process, the thermochemical conversion, the gasification technology, use of additives, as well as an economic and political assessment is given.For the experimental part, multiple steps are taken. At first the raw materials, hay, straw, miscanthus, corn cobs and beech wood are cut into serviceable sizes for pelleting. They are then mixed with water and additives, namely kaolin, dolomite and lime, or blended with wood. This mixture is then pelleted. In the next step, the pellets are incinerated following a standardized temperature program, after which only ash remains. In a final experimental step, the ash is analysed using an ash microscope.The gathered results are as follows: Firstly production of suitable pellets is possible with all tested fuel types and additives. Regarding the ash analysis, the addition of either kaolin, dolomite or lime all lead to a substantial increase in ash softening temperature, above the required threshold. The blending with wood however only yielded one sample with an accept-able softening temperature. The conclusion of this thesis is therefore, that non-combustible additives turn non-woody biomass into a viable alternative to pure woody biomass, woody/non-woody blends however fail to achieve that goal. It has to be noted though, that process conditions in actual reactors differ from those in the ash microscope, thus further research is reacquired.
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