Do demand or supply side mitigation measures have more co-benefits with sustainable development goals?

Abstract

Energy mitigation is crucial for averting catastrophic climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for our planet. Mitigation measures can be applied either on the energy supply side or the demand side of the energy system that can be analysed via modelling tools. Observing the performance of different models against the same variables provides a unique perspective for assessing the efficacy of demand-side versus supply-side mitigation measures. Supply-side mitigation strategies can entail technological strategies, solutions and advancements related to energy productionways, whereas demand-side mitigation measures incorporate alterations in consumerbehaviour on energy as well as food-related consumption. Through analysis of the outputs of multiple Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), the projections for energy security, water consumption, air quality, food security, and socio-economic development indicators have been analysed. The Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) and the Paris Agreement stimulate a shift to renewable energy sources andincreased energy efficiency, which causes final energy consumption to peak and thendrop. Significant savings are produced by lower consumption scenarios that place astrong emphasis on demand-side mitigation, particularly in the transportation,residential, and commercial sectors. The scenarios show that for strengthening energy security, oil and coal reliance needs to be minimized in favour of biomass and uraniumfor decarbonization. Global production of renewable energy is increasing across scenarios, even though some regions are anticipated to see higher electricity costs. Although the demand and supply side mitigation entry points do not consider SDG indicators in depth, the scenarios highlight threats for biodiversity. Similarly, waterconsumption declines while food security is enhanced. Socioeconomic indicators differ widely in reference to the baseline scenarios, yet they highlight the significance of eradicating poverty and promoting equity in sustainable development. In conclusion, this research offers a succinct summary of key areas where energy and sustainability cross, emphasizing the importance of regional differences, governmental decisions, and technological breakthroughs in determining our future energy landscape.