dc.description.abstract
In microelectronics, the main reasons for reducing macrostructures into micro- or even nanostructures are to increase economic efficiency and device performance. On the one hand, more structures integrated on a silicon wafer result in lower fabrication costs, and on the other hand, this provides the possibility to implement more functionalities into a microchip. Over the years this has resulted in highly functional and miniaturized electronic devices, which can be implemented into mobile devices such as smartphones or smart watches. Besides many fields in microelectronics, where miniaturisation was key for tremendous technological progress, one is important for this work - gas sensing devices. Today’s commercially available gas sensors are rather bulky and power consuming devices that need to be significantly miniaturised to enable their implementation into mobile devices like smartphones or smart watches. Using gas sensors like consumer electronic devices would be a breakthrough for their applications in everyday life, because this would enable individual air quality monitoring or breath analysis for Smart Living, Smart Home, or Smart Health. Nanostructures, and especially one-dimensional nanowires, have many advantages for gas sensor applications. Nanowires provide a large surface-to-volume ratio and the movement of electrons is confined in two dimensions, which makes them superior nanochannels for chemoresistive gas sensors, where the interaction with gas molecules in the environment is immediately transformed in a change of the electrical resistance of the nanowires. Metal oxides are the materials of choice for this type of gas sensor due to the fact, that the electrical conduction of such a material can be relatively easily changed by surface reactions with gases. In this thesis, specific metal oxide nanowires growth methods (bottom-up) are presented, which in principle can be upscaled and used for production methods on a wafer-scale. The synthesis and integration processes of the nanowires are discussed, and transfer print methodologies are presented. In particular, the stamp/tapebased transfer process has been successfully applied to integrate the nanowires onto the silicon-based (SB) sensors, on commercial SiN-based microhotplate platform chips (APPS, from ams AG) and CMOS-integrated micro-hotplate chips (MPW4, from ams AG). This transfer method is simple, scalable, cheap, and fast, and, in principle, if the NWs are regularly arranged on the growth substrate, the arrangement would be preserved on the final substrate. Both a manual transfer as well as a machine-supported approach using a bond tester have been successfully employed for the transfer of the metal oxide nanowires on SB and APPS sensors, and on APPS and MPW4 sensors, respectively. The gas sensing characterisation of the SB, APPS, and MPW4 sensors chips towards hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, toluene, HCMix, and carbon dioxide is presented. The sensors’ performance has been measured at three different humidity levels (25%, 50% and 75%) and in the operation temperature range of 250-400°C. The resistance measurements for each gas sensor have been analysed in detail, and the sensor response, response times and recovery times have been calculated and discussed. As an outlook for future R&D on nanowire-based gas sensors, possible improvements of the presented transfer technique and gas sensing materials choice are proposed.
en