dc.description.abstract
Atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy has become an essential tool for nanoscale chemical imaging, offering spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of conventional infrared spectroscopy. A typical AFM-IR setup directs a pulsed IR laser onto the sample, precisely at the tip of an AFM cantilever. This combination of AFM’s high spatial resolution and infrared spectroscopy’s chemical specificity enables detailed studies of a wide range of materials, from polymers and biological tissues to nanomaterials. However, the factors influencing AFM-IR signal generation and spatial resolution-especially in complex and inhomogeneous samples-remain challenging to fully understand and predict. While AFM-IR is a well-established technique for chemical imaging across various fields, existing theoretical models often rely on simplified geometries that do not fully capture the complexities of real-world samples. Early models, such as those by Dazzi et al. [1, 2], describe thermal expansion in homogeneous materials but overlook spatial resolution. Later refinements [3, 4] account for interfaces between distinct materials, yet they assume idealized boundary conditions that rarely apply to heterogeneous systems. Many practical samples, including biological structures, thin films, and composite materials, consist of absorbers embedded within a larger matrix, leading to complex signal transduction mechanisms. These limitations highlight the need for a more comprehensive model that accurately accounts for sample heterogeneity, spatial resolution, and realistic thermal interactions-key challenges our study seeks to address. This thesis addresses these challenges by introducing several advancements in AFM-IR theory and application. First, I develop an analytical point spread function (PSF) model that accounts for key factors such as absorber size, position, surrounding matrix properties, and laser parameters. By using Green’s functions, this model offers a computationally efficient and accurate description of the signal generation process, outperforming conventional finite element method (FEM) simulations. FEM verification and experimental validation confirm the model’s accuracy, revealing how variables like laser pulse width, repetition rate, and interfacial thermal resistance affect AFM-IR’s signal amplitude and spatial resolution. This PSF model provides deeper insights into the AFM-IR response and serves as a versatile tool for optimizing experimental setups, opening the door to advanced AFM-IR techniques. Beyond theoretical advancements, this thesis investigates the impact of sample’s size, geometry, and surface topography on AFM-IR signal generation. Advanced nano-fabrication techniques are employed to create samples with controlled absorber sizes and complex surface features. The findings highlight the significant role of surface topography, particularly in complex three-dimensional structures, in shaping the detected signal. These insights are crucial for accurate interpretation of AFM-IR data, especially in applications related to nanoelectronics, energy materials, and biological systems, where complex geometries are common. Advancements in optomechanical AFM probes are also introduced, integrating optical micro-ring resonators with suspended cantilevers. These optomechanical AFM probes achieve unprecedented displacement and force sensitivities, enabling piconewton-scale force detection and sub-femtometer displacement measurements. Experimental validation confirms the superior performance of these probes compared to conventional AFM cantilevers. The experimental validation of the micro-ring resonator design demonstrates its enhanced performance, with applications extending to material characterization and biological studies. The integration of optical and mechanical systems represents a significant advancement in nanoscale sensing. Further improvements in AFM sensing capabilities are introduced by integrating photonic crystal cavities with suspended cantilevers, leveraging the high-quality factor and resonance characteristics of photonic crystal cavities. Additionally, designs incorporating Bragg gratings on micro-cantilevers fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers are explored through Multiphysics simulations, integrating mechanical bending-induced refractive index changes into electromagnetic wave simulations. These sensors enable highly accurate and quantitative measurements of force and displacement, improving sensitivity and broadening the dynamic range. The implementation of this novel photonic transducer expands the scope of AFM applications, particularly in environments requiring precise measurements. By bridging gaps in both theoretical and experimental aspects of AFM-IR and optomechanical AFM probes, this thesis advances high-resolution nanoscale imaging and sensing. The integration of novel theoretical models, advanced fabrication techniques, and optomechanical AFM probes expands the capabilities of AFM, offering new opportunities for research and applications in nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedical research.
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