dc.description.abstract
Future high-luminosity colliders pose extreme challenges to semiconductor detector materials in terms of spatial and temporal resolution for lepton colliders and radiation hardness for hadron colliders. Compared to the ubiquitously used silicon, the wide bandgap semiconductor 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) exhibits superior resilience to radiation-induced damage with extremely low leakage currents even after irradiation to high fluences. With the recent improvements in material quality and cost, driven by the power electronics industry, large-scale 4H-SiC detectors have become feasible. Additionally, its insensitivity to visible light and low temperature dependency make it a compelling candidate for medical applications, such as beam monitoring and dosimetry. In this thesis, 4H-SiC detectors, manufactured by IMB-CNM-CSIC (Barcelona), are investigated using laboratory characterization techniques, simulations, and irradiation studies. Monte-Carlo simulations have been performed in the Allpix 2 framework to study the time resolution limits of 4H-SiC detectors, in terms of the contribution of the jitter (signal-to-noise ratio) and the stochastic fluctuations of energy deposition by ionizing radiation (Landau fluctuations). For low-gain avalanche diodes (LGADs), which rely on impact ionization to multiply charge carriers inside a detector, a time resolution of 22 ps for 50 μm thick SiC-LGADs has been found, which is a factor 1.4 better than that of silicon LGADs (30 ps). Additionally, Monte-Carlo simulations of the design of the RD50SiC-LGAD, currently being manufactured, are presented. The main focus of the thesis, however, is the experimental characterization. To this end, three new laboratory setups have either been commissioned or significantly improved. This includes a probe station capable of high voltages up to 3 kV, an alpha spectroscopy vacuum setup, and a UV-laser-based setup used for transient-current-technique (TCT) measurements. These setups have been used to measure the fundamental material properties, such as the ionization energy or the charge carrier drift velocities of 4H-SiC. Furthermore, results from wafer-level characterization of six-inch 4H-SiC wafers designed by HEPHY and produced by CNM are presented. Additionally, novel high-speed readout electronics with a bandwidth of 6 GHz have been developed, which allowed the transient current of charge carrier drift in 50 μm thin 4H-SiC detectors to be measured experimentally for the first time.Two neutron irradiation studies, up to fluences of 10^16 /cm^2 and 10^18 /cm^2 1 MeV-neutron equivalent in silicon, have been undertaken to assess the radiation hardness of 4H-SiC. After irradiation, leakage currents remained very low (< 1 pA/mm^2 ) and the dopants of the detectors’ epitaxial layer are compensated by deep traps. The charge-collection efficiency (CCE) was studied using alpha particles, UV-lasers, and a proton beam, with an efficiency of up to 50 % at a fluence of 1x10^15 n eq. /cm^2. The CCE has been observed to grow with the square root of the bias voltage, indicating that deep donorlike traps introduce an effective space charge, which shrinks the electric field and reduces the collected charge. After irradiation, detectors can also be operated in forward bias. In this regime, anomalous observations of the CCE exceeding 100 % have been investigated and were attributed to the high injected charge densities in certain measurement modalities. Finally, 4H-SiC detectors have been used to measure novel extraction techniques at the synchrotron of the MedAustron ion therapy center. These extraction methods aim at delivering ultra-high dose rates, capable of triggering the FLASH effect, which widens the therapeutic windows in patient treatment. With the 20 MHz bandwidth of the detector readout electronics, the extraction was able to be measured for each turn in the synchrotron, providing valuable insights which have been used to implement a pulsed extraction scheme that could provide safe FLASH beams for future pre-clinical studies.
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