Challenges and Vulnerabilities of Female-Headed Households in Obtaining Affordable Housing in Urban Areas: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This study explores the key challenges and vulnerabilities of Female-Headed Households (FHHs) in accessing affordable housing in urban areas worldwide. Besides, the study discusses the global experience of FHHs regarding access to affordable housing in the global south, particularly in the Ethiopian context. To this aim, 73 peer-reviewed papers published between 1 January 2014 and 30 February 2025 were analyzed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was employed to select studies. The findings of the papers were analyzed using thematic analysis, word clouds, and keyword bibliometric analysis. The results indicate that the key problems affecting FHHs’ access to affordable housing globally are high housing prices, inadequate supply of affordable housing, economic insecurity, policy gaps, gender inequality, and patriarchal and socio-cultural practices. All of these factors and their intersectionality have forced FHHs to various socio-economic and health problems, including homelessness, delayed marriage and childbearing, gender based violence, food insecurity, and physical and mental health problems. Improving the supply of affordable housing is crucial to address the financial stress of FHHs and enhance their livelihoods. Additionally, implementing gender-responsible housing policies and promoting gender inequality in education and job opportunities is vital to promote an inclusive and sustainable urban development.