High-dimensional time-bin entanglement is a promising resource for quantum networks because it combines the robustness of temporal photonic encoding with the enhanced information capacity and noise tolerance of high-dimensional quantum states. Compared with conventional qubit-based schemes, high-dimensional entanglement can increase the information carried per detected photon pair and improve performance in the loss- and noise-limited regimes relevant to long-distance quantum communication. Time-bin encoding is particularly attractive because it is compatible with optical fiber and free-space transmission, does not require polarization stability during propagation, and can be implemented using mature photonic and interferometric technologies. However, practical deployment is limited by the difficulty of scalable measurements and by the need for systematic optimization of temporal encoding under realistic experimental conditions.This thesis develops a framework for the generation, measurement, analysis, and distribution of high-dimensional time-bin entanglement for quantum networks. The work uses a scalable measurement architecture based on a single unbalanced interferometer that probes coherence between neighboring time bins, avoiding the long or cascaded interferometers that become increasingly unstable at high dimension.Implemented with fiber-integrated components, this approach provides a network-compatible platform for high-dimensional quantum communication. Within this framework, continuous-wave and pulsed spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources are investigated to identify how source characteristics,detector timing jitter, and temporal discretization jointly determine entanglement quality. A central result is that temporal discretization is not merely a post-processing step, but a defining element of the physical protocol. The time-bin width, frame construction, and temporal filtering directly affect coincidence retention, measurement visibility, entanglement quality, and secure communication rate. To address this, sequential time-bin framing with guard-window filtering is introduced and systematically analyzed. For the continuous-wave source, a nonzero guard window is required to suppress jitter-induced time-bin misassignment and maximize performance. For the pulsed source,the pump-defined temporal structure already reduces boundary errors, making the performance less sensitive to guard-window duration. In both cases, increasing the encoding dimension improves the information extracted per detected photon pair, with dimensions up to d = 64 providing clear advantages over qubit-based encoding. To explain and predict these behaviors, a unified, dimension-independent model is developed that combines the source emission profile with the experimentally measured detector timing response. The model reproduces the observed singles, coincidence probabilities, and visibilities for both continuouswave and pulsed operation to within a few percent, and enables a priori optimization of discretization and filtering parameters. This provides a predictive tool for adapting high-dimensional temporal encoding to different operating conditions, rather than relying only on empirical tuning. Toward field-deployable high-dimensional quantum communication, this thesis further investigates how temporal encoding should be optimized under realistic channel loss. Using a continuous-wave SPDC source and unbalanced interferometric measurements, the source brightness, encoding dimension, and temporal guard window are jointly optimized from experimentally measured coincidence statistics. Across a programmable-loss sweep, 270 parameter configurations are evaluated by varying pump current, dimension, and guard-window duration. The results reveal distinct loss-dependent regimes: at lower loss, high-dimensional encoding provides the dominant gain and the optimum favors largerdimensions such as d = 32, while at higher loss the optimum shifts toward brighter operation, smaller dimensions, and finite guard windows that suppress timing-related errors. Using these loss-adaptive operating points, high-dimensional time-bin entanglement is distributed over long-distance fiber-spool links with composable secure key-rate evaluation. For the 100km configuration, the fully optimized operating point reaches a key rate of 8.64 × 103 Hz at d = 32 and g = 10 ps, exceeding the best pump-optimized qubit reference without guard-window filtering by a factor of 3.72. For the 150km configuration, with channel loss approaching 36 dB, the optimum shifts to d = 4 and g = 10 ps, yielding 4.1 × 102 Hz and a 7.45× improvement over the corresponding qubitreference. These results establish loss-optimized temporal encoding as a practical route to long-distance high-dimensional entanglement distribution and secure quantum communication in realistic network conditions.Overall, this thesis establishes high-dimensional time-bin entanglement as a practical and scalable resource for quantum networks. It provides tools for designing network-compatible temporal encoding schemes, shows how source-dependent and loss-dependent optimization can significantly improveperformance, and demonstrates that high-dimensional time-bin entanglement can be distributed and exploited over long-distance fiber links with composable security. These results contribute toward robust photonic quantum networks in which high-dimensional temporal encoding can support secure communication, entanglement distribution, and networked quantum information processing.