Solvent-Free Lipid Separation and Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy for Fast and Green Fatty Acid Profiling of Human Milk

Abstract

This study presents the first mid-infrared (IR)-based method capable of simultaneously predicting concentrations of individual fatty acids (FAs) and relevant sum parameters in human milk (HM). Representative fat fractions of 50 HM samples were obtained by rapid, two-step centrifugation and subsequently measured with attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy. Partial least squares models were compiled for the acquired IR spectra with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference data. External validation showed good results particularly for the most important FA sum parameters and the following individual FAs: C12:0 (R²p = 0.96), C16:0 (R²p = 0.88), C18:1cis (R²p = 0.92), and C18:2cis (R²p = 0.92). Based on the obtained results, the effect of different clinical parameters on the HM FA profile was investigated, indicating a change of certain sum parameters over the course of lactation. Finally, assessment of the method’s greenness revealed clear superiority compared to GC-MS methods. The reported method thus represents a high-throughput, green alternative to resource-intensive established techniques.