Monolithic capsule phase microextraction prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental water samples

Abstract

In this study, a capsule phase microextraction (CPME) protocol followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is proposed for the accurate and sensitive monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in environmental water samples. Different monolithic sol–gel encapsulated sorbents were compared and monolithic sol–gel poly(ethylene glycol)-based sorbent incorporated into porous microextraction capsules resulted in the highest extraction efficiency. Following the selection of the microextraction device, the CPME conditions were optimized, while linearity, limits detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), accuracy, and precision were the figures-of-merit measured. Under optimum conditions the LODs for the OCPs ranged between 0.01 ng mL−1 and 0.03 ng mL−1. The relative standard deviations were better than 5.3 % and 9.2 % for intra-day and inter-day study, respectively. The relative recoveries ranged between 90.5 and 105.2 % (intra-day) and 93.0–105.0 % (inter-day), demonstrating good method trueness. Finally, the proposed protocol was implemented for the monitoring of OCPs in tap, river, pond, and lake water. The developed method presents better analytical features than existing methods.