Bone is a complex biological material, that can be considered as a lightweight nanocomposite consisting of an organic phase – collagen fibrils (mostly type I), noncollagenous proteins – and an inorganic phase – carbon-substituted hydroxyapatite (a calcium-phosphate mineral) – as well as water. It has been designed by nature, partially optimized for minimum total weight, to reconcile opposing mechanical properties such as stiffness and strength with toughness. This remarkable versatility is achieved by organization of its constituents into a complex hierarchical structure, from the nano- up to the macroscale, which ultimately enables bone to fulfill its mechanical protective and supporting function. In a hierarchically structured material, such as bone, the material properties of individual components at a lower hierarchical level determine the material properties of structures at the next, higher hierarchical level. Consequently, to fully understand bone mechanics, identification and quantification of the mechanical properties of all structures on every hierarchical level and the way these interact with each other is necessary. Though experimentally not entirely feasible, mechanical investigations of smaller structural levels can be performed to better our understanding of bone material and tissue.Mechanical testing of whole bones and smaller bone samples has been performed in many studies since the beginning of bone research, about a century ago. On the other hand, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has enabled studying individual bone components at the nanoscale in recent decades. However, mechanical characterization of bone tissue at the microscale, where contributions of larger tissue porosities can be avoided, has been comparatively scarce, except for nanoindentation, due to experimental challenges. In cortical bone, the prominent structures at the lower microscale are bone lamellae, which are the main focus of the present thesis. These are ordered layers of mineralized collagen fibrils, 2 – 10 μm in thickness, typically arranged in concentrical manner around vascular (Haversian) canals to create the structures of the next hierarchical level, the osteons. Recent developments in experimental techniques for micromechanical characterization have made it feasible to prepare and test miniature, microscopically sized bone specimen (microbeams, micropillars) comprised of single or several bone lamellae. Compared to engineering materials, hard biological tissues, and specifically bone, pose challenges in the context of micromechanical testing, some of which, as detailed below, were addressed in the studies of this thesis.To investigate the reliability of newly developed methods for micromechanical testing, the accuracy and sources of uncertainties regarding sample preparation and testing were considered in a first study, since these issues have not been discussed in previous studies. Finite element (FE) simulations of microbeam structures and experimental validation with bending of silicon microbeams were performed. It was found that the accuracy of the expected value from bending of Si microbeams was within 24 %, but errors from geometrical uncertainties can be as high as 50 %. Furthermore, boundary constraints of the tested micro-samples may lead to structural, in addition to material deformation mechanisms.A remaining challenge in micromechanical testing of bone is full sample hydration. Therefore, the effect of hydration state of cortical bone tissue on micromechanical behaviour was investigated. For this an AFM based microbeam bending testing protocol was developed, enabling measurements of fully submerged and wet samples. Human cortical bone microbeams comprised of a single lamella were bent nondestructively both in air and submerged in aqueous solution. Bending moduli were found to reduce up to 5 times upon rehydration and moreover, mechanical response changed from almost purely linear elastic to viscoelastic. The age range of healthy donors was 65 – 94 years and a trend of lower dissipated energy with increasing age was observed, but only in the rehydrated state. These findings are suggestive of the importance of water for the mechanical properties of bone even at the length scale of individual lamellae.Last but not least, changes of bone material at the lamellar level due to osteoporosis were investigated. A protocol for micropillar compression was employed to test micropillars machined from single lamellae from the cortical portion of the femoral neck, as a specific fracture site of osteoporotic donors, which compared samples to age-matched donors. Bone samples from 8 osteoporotic and 7 control donors were compressed in a cyclic partial unloading manner. Micropillars showed viscoelastic, strain hardening behavior with unloading moduli reaching up to 50 GPa. No significant differences in most mechanical parameters were observed, except for lower unloading modulus and higher strain at max. stress for the osteoporotic female donor subgroup. However, results are not fully conclusive, due to limitations of low donor number and testing in not fully submerged, i.e. rehydrated state.From the performed studies it becomes evident, that bone material, even at the microscale, where contributions of larger tissue porosities can be avoided, displays a different mechanical behavior compared to engineering materials, which brings specific challenges and limitations for mechanical characterization. So far, bone has mostly been considered as a linear elastic solid, which can be assumed only for very small deformations and a dehydrated state. However, in physiological, hydrated state bone transitions into a mechanically different material exhibiting lower moduli and viscoelastic behavior. Furthermore, bone is a living tissue that changes with ageing and pathology, whereby such changes can be implicated on every hierarchical level. Additional deformation mechanisms dependent on hydration state and composition, that are altered in the course of ageing and pathology could be overlayed with elastic deformation of bone material and should be considered in future studies. These insights should contribute towards a better understanding and design of mechanical testing of bone material, which would ultimately support the development of better diagnostic and treatment tools in the case of bone pathologies.