'Frauengerechte' Modellwohnprojekte der 1990er Jahre : die versuchte Einflussnahme von Frauen als Auftraggeberinnen auf den österreichischen geförderten Wohnbau

Abstract

Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieser Forschungsarbeit liegt in der Einflussnahme von Frauen als Auftraggeberinnen und Planerinnen im öffentlich geförderten Geschosswohnbau in Österreich, der als grundsätzlich männlich dominiert bezeichnet werden kann. In den 1990er Jahren werden erstmals und auf frauenpolitischer Verwaltungsebene mehrere, sogenannte frauengerechte Modellwohnprojekte initiiert und unterstützt. Deren Ziele sind die baulich-räumliche Umsetzung von vielfältigen Wohnbedürfnissen, Alltagsbezügen und Lebensformen von Frauen und damit die Veränderung der tradierten Rollenzuschreibungen im Haushalt sowie die höhere Beteiligung von Fachfrauen. Längerfristig sollen diese in den geförderten Wohnbau übertragen werden. Konzeptuell beziehen sich diese Projekte auf den feministischen Planungsdiskurs, der in Deutschland im Zuge der Zweiten Frauenbewegung entsteht und zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre die ersten von Frauen initiierte und von Planerinnen geplante frauengerechte Wohnprojekte hervorbringt. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Erfassung und erstmalige systematische Dokumentation sowie interpretierenden Gesamtanalyse dieser in Österreich realisierten, unterschiedlich bekannten und rezipierten, frauengerechten Modellwohnprojekte als Beitrag zu einer feministischen Baugeschichtsforschung. Dabei erfolgt ein Vergleich zu den parallel in Deutschland entstandenen, gleichartigen Projekten. Durch die Sichtbarmachung der Situation von Planerinnen am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts und geplanter Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung ihres Anteils wird außerdem ein Beitrag zur Professionsgeschichte von Frauen in der Architektur geleistet.

The interest in this research project lies in the influence of women as developers and planners in publicly funded housing in Austria, which was at the time and essentially can still be described as male-dominated. In the 1990s, several so-called women-oriented model housing projects were initiated and supported for the first time at the women's political management level. The goals are the spatial implementation of diverse living needs, everyday benefits and lifestyles of women, and thus, the change in the traditional gender roles in the household as well as the higher participation of women in housing planning. In the longer term, these are to be transferred to the subsidized multi-story housing. Conceptually, these projects refer to feminist planning discourse, which emerged in Germany in the course of the Second Women's Movement and which, at the beginning of the 1990s, created the first woman-oriented housing projects initiated by women and planned by women planners. The aim of the thesis is two-fold: the recording and first-time systematic documentation as well as an interpretative overall analysis of these women-oriented model housing projects developed in Austria, regardless of renown and critical reception, as a contribution to feminist building history research. Additionally, comparisons will be made to parallel projects which emerged in Germany. Through this visualisation of women planners' situation at the end of the 20th century and the planned measures to increase their share, a contribution is also made to the professional history of women in architecture. In the foreground are the following three questions. Which successes and failures are characterized by the self-determined measures of women in the development of the projects? Which space concepts can be implemented and what innovations are recognizable? What are the impulses and impact of the projects and their accompanying measures for subsidized housing? Deeper insights into the objectives and frameworks, the schemes and areas of conflict as well as innovations and efficacies will be obtained through the analysis and interpretation of the development processes and realizations of the housing projects, based on material research with often unpublished material and supported by interviews with project initiators, planners and developers. The main results of this work are that the innovations of the women's model housing projects lie in a highly usage-oriented and daily-life suitability with regard to residential surroundings, residential buildings and apartments. The so-called "women-oriented" planning criterias therefore benefit a wide range of user needs. On the other hand, this initial comprehensive realization of housing projects by women with their demands for sustainable quality improvement in housing and increased participation of professional women meets great resistance in political, administrative and also professional circles. While a high degree of commitment and comprehensive accompanying measures by the project initiators will lead to thematic awareness in the public and the general public, only a small proportion of the intended efficacies can be achieved.