Battery storage systems for electricity technology, applications and economics of large projects in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract

Due to the increasing proportion of renewable energy, more and more flexible options are necessary in order to flexibly compensate for the fluctuations regarding electricity generation through wind turbines or photovoltaics power plants, as a result a stable power supply is ensured. Energy storage is a means of mitigating this increased variability. Battery Energy Storage Systems are offering ancillary grid services like frequency control, energy time shifting or a decrease of the ramp rate of photovoltaic or wind turbine power plants. This thesis approaches the technical design and function of a lithium ion battery, the vanadium flow battery as well as the applications of large Battery Energy Storage Systems. The 40 largest projects in CEE are listed and statistically evaluated and the most interesting projects are described in detail e.g. the smart grid projects and second life batteries projects. Finally, a large BESS case study was carried out to compare the projects on the market of control reserve and on the spot market as a feasible study. This thesis proves that the market of primary control reserve offers an attractive economic aspect for a large BESS, but it is very difficult to utilise the other ancillary services in an economical way.