The search for ecological and sustainable multifunctional systems, that help to achieve the 2020 and 2030 climate goals of the European Union, as well as the simultaneously increase of the energy efficiency of the buildings and to integrate renewable energies in them, are the motivation of this dissertation. Greening of buildings and photovoltaics are well-known measures that are used for their ecological and environmentally friendly properties as climate change adaptation strategies in several European cities. These two systems are optimized for maximum utilization during summer, and both require maximum use of solar radiation. For this reason, these systems usually compete for suitable building space. The aim of this doctoral thesis (cumulative dissertation) was the development of a new multifunctional façade system, which researches the interaction of building greenery and photovoltaics, and to investigate the use of their building physics interactions and synergies to simultaneously produce energy, save heating and cooling energy, bind dust, improve air quality and to reduce noise. Thus, this multifunctional system should be a sustainable solution for the cities of the future. At the heart of this cumulative dissertation are three scientific SCI publications. The first two publications present the development of the new “multifunctional system: building greening and photovoltaics” (MFS) as well as the analyses carried out on the interactions between its components. Based on these findings, the third publication presents the extension of this consideration to the roof construction and the research of the combination of green roofs and photovoltaics: PV+green-roof. In the first paper of the dissertation, “Green buffer space influences on the temperature of photovoltaic modules Multifunctional system: Building greening and photovoltaics” [2], the analysis of the interactions of the MFS on the photovoltaic modules were presented. Here were investigated t
The search for ecological and sustainable multifunctional systems, that help to achieve the 2020 and 2030 climate goals of the European Union, as well as the simultaneously increase of the energy efficiency of the buildings and to integrate renewable energies in them, are the motivation of this dissertation. Greening of buildings and photovoltaics are well-known measures that are used for their ecological and environmentally friendly properties as climate change adaptation strategies in several European cities. These two systems are optimized for maximum utilization during summer, and both require maximum use of solar radiation. For this reason, these systems usually compete for suitable building space. The aim of this doctoral thesis (cumulative dissertation) was the development of a new multifunctional façade system, which researches the interaction of building greenery and photovoltaics, and to investigate the use of their building physics interactions and synergies to simultaneously produce energy, save heating and cooling energy, bind dust, improve air quality and to reduce noise. Thus, this multifunctional system should be a sustainable solution for the cities of the future. At the heart of this cumulative dissertation are three scientific SCI publications. The first two publications present the development of the new “multifunctional system: building greening and photovoltaics” (MFS) as well as the analyses carried out on the interactions between its components. Based on these findings, the third publication presents the extension of this consideration to the roof construction and the research of the combination of green roofs and photovoltaics: PV+green-roof. In the first paper of the dissertation, “Green buffer space influences on the temperature of photovoltaic modules Multifunctional system: Building greening and photovoltaics” [2], the analysis of the interactions of the MFS on the photovoltaic modules were presented. Here were investigated the influences of greening (green buffer space layer of the system) on the operating temperatures of the photovoltaic modules (PV layer) and possible effects on the PV-yields were analysed. To validate the results, these were compared with a system variant without greening, but with an identical buffer space (air layer). Here it was shown that the synergies of the system allowed the operating temperatures to be reduced between 2°C and 4°C throughout the year. The second paper, “"Hotter and colder - How Do Photovoltaics and Greening Impact Exterior Facade Temperatures: The synergies of a Multifunctional System" [3], presents the research results of the influences of MFS synergies on the surface temperature of the facade construction (façade layer). The results confirm a year-round thermal function of the MFS, which adapts to the thermal requirements over time and thus offers both: summer and winter protection. The extreme increase in temperatures on the façade surface on hot days was almost cancelled out. For the monthly maximum temperatures of the facade surface, a difference of 20°C in summer average and of up to 30°C at temperature peaks can be seen compared to the wall without MFS. During the cold days, the MFS slows the cooling of the wall and the minimum surface temperatures are between 1.3°C and 3°C on a monthly average above the surface temperatures of the wall without MFS. Also, the further nocturnal cooling-down of a bare wall [4, 5] was stopped. In the concluding third and last article of the dissertation, "Studies on year-round thermal insulation for variants of a combined roof structure with photovoltaics and greening" [6], the same combination was expanded to the roof construction and the combination PV + green roof was researched. This study was carried out within the framework of a research project "GrünPlusSchule@Ballungszentrum". Here, the interactions of the PV+green-roof combination on the temperatures at the interface between the roofing membrane and the substrate (measuring point) was investigated in detail. To validate the results were compared with a normal extensive green roof with a substrate layer of 7cm to 10cm. The findings show similar synergies and effects as with the MFS. The PV + green-roof also works as a year-round heat buffer, which offers both summer and winter protection and also adapts to the weather conditions. Compared to a normal extensive green roof the PV + green roof option showed at the measuring point temperatures of 7°C to 9°C lower on hot days. With cool outside air temperatures (below 10°C), the temperature at the measuring point was always between 2°C and 3.5°C warmer in the PV + green roof option. Here too, as in the research of the MFS [3], the further nocturnal cooling of the roof construction is slowed down, but with an even stronger effect. In addition to the effects investigated and explained in the three publications, the MFS shows further positive effects in the building sector. These include, among others: - Protection of façade elements against extreme weather events such as driving rain, wind, direct solar radiation, which prolongs the life of the materials and reduces the building damage caused by extreme temperature fluctuations and the ingress of water. - Protection of the facade greening or plants against extreme weather events such as hail, cold spells, overheating. - At the urban level, the MFS provides a compensation area as the city becomes more dense, thereby helping to reduce the negative effects of the heat island effect (UHI) by improving the microclimate, air cleaning (dust and pollutants) and CO2 binding. - In addition, at the energy supply level, MFS contributes to reducing the vulnerability of the energy supply system as well as to reducing peak loads. The objectives of this dissertation, the development and research of a new multifunctional façade system solution as well as the further use of the advantages of the synergies of the MFS have been achieved. The MFS has been successfully developed and tested. In addition, a patent has been filed and the first steps on the way to a marketable product have already been taken. The potential of the MFS and the combination PV+green-roof was demonstrated in this dissertation. The combination of PV +Green can make a major contribution to the "decarbonisation of the EU building stock by 2050", to the EU 2030 climate goals and to the Strategic Climate Adaptation Plans. As part of this research, further research topics were identified which will be investigated in the further development of MFS as a market product for broader, innovative and efficient application possibilities, which will enable an optimised use of MFS both in new buildings and in the renovation of buildings.