Every human action needs energy. The issue "development of renewable energy" has become of global importance for years, in the EU, nations, provinces, regions and municipalities. Renewable energy generation requires large areas. This is well known, and those areas (both the potentials and the power plants) are clearly visible in the landscape and in urbanized settlements. But what exactly does "ar...
Every human action needs energy. The issue "development of renewable energy" has become of global importance for years, in the EU, nations, provinces, regions and municipalities. Renewable energy generation requires large areas. This is well known, and those areas (both the potentials and the power plants) are clearly visible in the landscape and in urbanized settlements. But what exactly does "area requirement" actually mean? And how do the different renewable energy carriers vary in space requirements? What are the impacts for spatial and regional planning? The "Catalogue of area requirements for renewable energy production" contains data on Austrian and international renewable energy plants. Contents of the catalog are area requirements per energy yield and year (m²/kWh/a). As a synopsis between geothermal energy, solar energy, wind power and biomass, the catalogue presents comparative assessments of environmental impacts of energy production, as well as findings on the competition between the energy production and other land use functions. In the case of geothermal plants (both shallow and deep geothermal energy), it has been shown that the potential for the future is still very large and largely independent from the location. Geothermal energy production combines marginal area competitions with other land uses to be located above the “same” ground with an energy conversion process being emission-free. Due to the "sub terrestrial" heat potential, there are several possible combinations with other renewable forms without generating additional land use conflicts. The solar energy (both solar thermal heat generation and photovoltaic power generation) has also very large growth opportunities regardless of location. The area requirements of building-integrated systems is significantly lower than in large open-land power plants , and the energy conversion of the solar radiation to heat or electricity is emission-free. In the open land, solar energy can, as a “multi-level economy", be combined well with other renewable energies (wind power, geothermal energy). The energy sources geothermal and solar energy, which are still underdeveloped in Austria, have many energy-yielding properties that are similar, regardless of location. This is not the case with the highly developed energy sources wind power and biomass in Austria. The energy output from Wind farms is dependent on the location (wind power and wind hours per year) and on the type of wind power plant. The annual full load hours are about 2.000 in “top” wind sites in Eastern Austria, in comparison to the North Sea and in Scandinavia with over 4.000 hours. Wind power is emission-free in the energy conversion, but wind farms generally generate significant visual impacts on the landscape. Greater growth potential of Austrian wind power is seen by "compaction" in existing wind farms and not by the construction of new plants. Other additional potentials are possible via adaptations of the wind power policies of other states. In the Netherlands, it is “normal” to have large wind turbines along highways and in industrial areas, this not the case so far in Austria. Because of its thematic diversity, Biomass was hard to handle within the context of the "catalogue": Biomass contains many plant species, transformation processes, and assessment systems for the phases of raw material cultivation and transportation services. Concerning the future additional potential, there is a contradictoriness between the large number of power plant and the relatively small renewable energy contribution share from biomass. The supply of the potential areas is rather area-dependent, because forests, arable land and grassland produce the "organic raw material" that has to be processed and transported. The area competition between energy production and other land use functions may be "none" if inferior wood chips are burned, but become "very high" when edible biomass such as corn or maize are burned, which is fundamentally ethically objectionable. With biomass significantly less energy per area can be generated than from geothermal, solar and wind power. Nevertheless, biomass will continue to be important in the future, because its energy output can be balanced very well, thus biomass power plants can compensate the "unpredictable" energy contributions from wind power and solar energy. The research question on the area-specific energy yields could be better answered with wind power and solar energy than with geothermal energy and biomass. The reasons were a better "measurability" of the areas used for wind- and solar power plants, but also to very different energy yield values per area, which are given in the expert’s literature with geothermal and biomass energy, nut not in site-specific differentiations. The innovation of the "catalogue" consists in the easy comparability and visualization of important locational characteristics and the "energy yield efficiency" of renewable energy plants. The "catalogue" is also a tool to help in participatory communication formats. The “catalogue” can therefore be set up between all steering and spatial levels (federal states, regions and municipalities) to facilitate the way to an “integrated regional spatial energy planning". The further research needs have shown that the biggest obstacles on the way to an integrated regional spatial energy planning exist in the “social space”. These hurdles cannot be overcome only in terms of technical energy data, this need integrative planning and participation processes. On that perspective, Regions as “cooperation spaces” offer special potentials.