Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests are non-destructive in situ experiments performed to gain insight into the structural health of rigid and flexible pavement structures. The impact of the falling weight induces a damped vibration of the hit pavement structure. Displacementsensors called geophones measure the maximum deflections at specific distances from the axis of the falling weight along the driving direction. Two associated challenges provide the motivation for the present thesis: (i) As regards concrete slabs of rigid pavements, the described standard FWD test cannot detect potential asymmetries of the structural behavior. (ii) Performingnominally identical FWD tests on the same multi-layered pavement structure, but at different dates, usually yields different surface deflections. The present thesis tackles these two challenges in the context of engineering mechanics approaches which combine innovative experimental techniques and efficient structural simulations performed with multiple methods.Chapter 2 deals with quantification of asymmetries of the structural behavior of rigid pavement structures where the topmost layer consists of rectangular concrete slabs. The main contribution is an experimental innovation: During central FWD tests, the deflections are measured along eight different radial directions, and at nine different distances from the center of the falling weight. This results in a dense grid of points at which deflections are measured. The collected experimental data enable the unprecedented assessment of asymmetries of the behavior of the tested pavement structures, based on a new deflection basin parameter called asymmetry indicator.An old concrete slab, which had been in service for 22 years, shows significant asymmetries. A newly built slab, in turn, is found to behave in a virtually double symmetric fashion, albeit not in a radial-symmetric fashion. This provides the motivation to use a finite-slab-size model for the elastostatic re-analysis of the FWD test of the new slab. The model consists of a Kirchhoff-Loveplate with free edges, supported by a Winkler foundation. The stiffness of the plate is set equal to that of the concrete slab. The model reproduces the measured deflections accurately, after optimization of two variables: the modulus of subgrade reaction and a newly introduced auxiliary surface load. Thus, the proposed model provides an interesting alternative to the standard radial-symmetric “dense-liquid” modeling approach, referring to an infinite plate on a Winklerfoundation, where the stiffness of the plate and the modulus of subgrade reaction are optimized in order to best reproduce measured deflections.In Chapter 3, FWD tests with a T-shaped arrangement of geophones are proposed with the aim to combine the advantages of (i) the standard FWD testing approach, namely: rapid in situ characterization, and (ii) the innovative FWD test protocol of Chapter 2, namely: expressiveness regarding the assessment of asymmetric structural behavior. The main innovation refers to a new arrangement of the geophones: seven are placed along the driving direction, and another two along an axis orthogonal to the driving direction, one left and one right of the falling weight.In order to optimize the distance of the lateral geophones from the center of the falling weight,FWD tests with multi-directional measurements of deflections are performed on ten slabs: four newly-installed slabs, and six decades-old slabs. Two additional deflection basin parameters are introduced: (i) the effective asymmetry index, AE28, which summarizes all asymmetries detected by means of FWD tests with multi-directional measurement of deflections into just one expressivenumber, and (ii) the lateral asymmetry index, LASIX, which is customized for the evaluation of FWD tests with a T-shaped arrangement of geophones. The distance of the two lateral geophones from the center of the falling weight is optimized such that corresponding values of LASIX correlate best with values of the effective asymmetry index. The optimal distance is found to amount to 1.20 m. The origin of the asymmetric behavior of the slabs is explored. Small values of LASIX, representative for mild asymmetries, emerge mostly due to the finite size of the slabs and/or slab-to-slab interaction. Large values of LASIX, representative for strong asymmetries,emerge due to the additional long-term exposure of the pavement structure to service loads that cause a non-uniform degradation of the subgrade. Values of LASIX are shown to correlate well with the coefficients of directional variation the AREA7 parameter which is used in the standard dense-liquid model as the basis for quantification of the modulus of subgrade reaction. Thus,LASIX allows for clarifying whether the assumption of a uniform modulus of subgrade reactionis reasonable or questionable. The recommended T-shaped arrangement of geophones is also appealing from the viewpoint of practical applicability, because it renders highly automated and,therefore, rapid FWD testing feasible, with on-site efforts equal to those known from standard FWD testing, while allowing for the unprecedented quantification of asymmetric slab behavior.Chapter 4 is devoted to the innovative instrumentation of three FWD field-testing sites. One rigid and two flexible pavement structures were equipped with temperature sensors, asphalt strain gauges, and accelerometers. This allows for capturing the temperature distribution inside the pavement structure, the deformation of asphalt at selected points during FWD testing, andthe propagation of fronts of elastic waves travelling through individual layers of the pavement structure. The experience with the design, the instrumentation, and the operation of the field testing sites is shared. As regards the installation of asphalt strain gauges, it is recommended to install steel dummies as place-holders into the surface of hot asphalt layers, immediately after their construction and right before their compaction, and to replace the dummies by the actual sensors right before the installation of the next layer. First data from dynamic testing at the field-testing sites are presented. FWD tests performed at different temperatures deliver, as expected, different surface deflections. Sledgehammer strokes onto a metal plate, transmitted to the pavement via a rubber pad, are introduced as a cheap, simple-to-perform, and quickly repeatable dynamic test method for measuring the speed of longitudinal elastic waves propagating from one accelerometer to another. This allows for quantifying the stiffness of individual layers of pavement structures, based on the theory of propagation of elastic waves through isotropic media. As regards flexible pavements, it is found that the seasonal variation of FWD results can be primarily traced back to the temperature-dependent stiffness variation of asphalt layers,as other layers present significantly milder stiffness variations. As regards rigid pavements, the sledgehammer tests are shown to allow for situations with full-face contact along all interfaces from situations suffering from temperature-gradient-induced curling of concrete slabs, leading to partial loss of contact along an interface between two neighboring layers.Chapter 5 refers to the asphalt-related temperature correction of deflections measured during FWD testing of a concrete-over-asphalt composite pavement structure. Five FWD tests were performed at one of the field-testing sites described in Chapter 4 (rigid pavement structure). These tests were carried out in summer, winter, and transitional periods. The measured deflections are influenced by temperature-dependent stiffness changes of the asphalt layer and by seasonal stiffness changes of the subgrade. The main innovation refers to correcting the measured deflections such that they contain information on the seasonal stiffness changes of the subgrade only. To this end, several steps are necessary. At first, the stiffnesses of the materials of the four top mostlayers of the pavement structure are determined as follows. Two types of concrete and asphalt are characterized in the laboratory by means of non-destructive uniaxial compression tests and cyclic tension-compression tests (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis), respectively. The stiffness of the cement-stabilized layer is quantified in situ using the sledgehammer tests described in Chapter 4.The seasonally variable elastic modulus of the subgrade, together with its constant thickness, are back-calculated using multi-layered elastostatic simulations, such that simulated deflections agree almost perfectly with measured deflections. The fitted model is corroborated, because predicted strains of asphalt agree sufficiently well with in situ measurements. The multi-layered modelis used to compute deflections for asphalt temperatures between −5○C and +30○C, while the thicknesses and the stiffnesses of all other layers are set equal to seasonal averages. The numerical results allow for developing a Westergaard-inspired formula that translates measured deflections into corrected deflections which refer to an asphalt temperature of 20○C. Thus, the remaining seasonal variation of the corrected deflections refers to the seasonal variation of the stiffnessof the subgrade. The AREA4 method of the dense-liquid model is used to quantify, from the corrected deflections, values of a uniform spring stiffnesses per unit area. These k-values correlate well with the seasonally varying stiffness of the subgrade. The elaborated knowledge regarding the influence of the stiffness of asphalt and of the subgrade, respectively, on surface deflections,allows for the development of another correction approach. It is particularly well suited for application in the engineering practice, because it is very simple and requires only measured deflections as required input. This approach consists of uniformly increasing or decreasing thed eflections measured during FWD testing on a reference date, such that the shifted deflection ata distance of 1500 mm from the center of the falling weight, is equal to the deflection measured atthat distance during FWD testing performed on any other date. Again, k-values are quantified from corrected deflections, and they are shown to correlate reasonably well with seasonal stiffness changes of the subgrade. The developed method is also appealing because it provides corrected deflections (rather than corrected values of quantities derived from deflections), and this allowsfor applying all methods typically used for the interpretation and/or evaluation of FWD test results, including deflection basin parameters and structural models.