Bitumen is an essential component of modern infrastructure, where it is predominantly used as a binder in road engineering and as a sealing material in roofing applications. The unique combination of viscoelastic, waterproofing, and adhesive behaviour has made it a versatile and reliable product. The main problem, however, is that bituminous materials have an expiry date. During use, rheological and mechanical properties deteriorate, which can ultimately lead to material failure. In such cases, repairs or new constructions are unavoidable, which requires resources (raw materials, energy and money) and contributes to increased emissions of carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds and aerosols. Extensive research has shown that the decline in performance is related to chemical changes in bitumen, but the contributions of individual molecular processes are not fully understood. Furthermore, an effective assessment of the initial quality and chemical degradation of the materials needs to be developed. Therefore, this work evaluated spectroscopic methods that could fill this scientific gap. Based on these studies, an analytical framework was established to investigate field ageing processes in unmodified and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen (PMB) and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of standardised and novel laboratory ageing devices.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance, infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy were used for analysis. The information obtained using these methods and their sensitivity to ageing-induced changes was investigated in preliminary studies with seven samples. These experiments have shown that various parameters, such as carbonyl-, sulfoxide-, organic radical-, vanadyl content, aromaticity, and aromatic system size, are reproducibly obtainable. Vanadyl content, fluorescence properties, and sulfoxide content strongly depended on the crude oil source and manufacturing process, which is potentially valuable for origin determination. Standardised thermal ageing, using the rolling thin-film oven (RTFO, thermal ageing) and the pressurised ageing vessel (PAV, thermal ageing), showed that the amount of carbonyls, sulfoxides, and organic radicals and the amount and size of aromatic systems changed significantly in all samples.In the field, oxygen was continuously incorporated into the material, producing carbonyls and sulfoxides as main products and aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids as by-products. At the same time, molecular groups already present in the starting material (amides/quinolones and porphyrins) were degraded or linked intermolecularly with larger molecular structures during ageing. Analysis of the aromatic systems showed that the content of aromatic molecules decreased due to evaporation and structural rearrangements and that the size of the aromatic systems increased due to polycondensation and dehydrogenative coupling reactions. In a study that compared the ageing in unmodified and polymer-modified bitumen samples, the oxidation rates were shown to be very similar. However, additional reactions at the polymer skeleton (at olefinic and allylic positions) and degradation processes originating from the polybutadiene phase were observed. In PMBs, these processes must be considered as additional influencing factors for rheological and mechanical property deterioration. Interestingly, the aromaticity in the bitumen phase of the field-aged PMB samples did not decrease. This was attributed to direct and indirect protective mechanisms, such as intermolecular bonding (reduction of vapour pressure) and preferential reactions at the polymer backbone (polymer as a sacrificial lamb).The assessment of laboratory ageing was carried out with the RTFO (thermal ageing), the PAV (thermal ageing), the Viennese binder ageing reactor (VBA, thermochemical ageing) and a photoreactor (light ageing). Studies on thermal ageing (RTFOT, PAV, VBA) have shown that sulfoxide formation is lower compared to field ageing due to competing decomposition reactions. The effects on the aromatic groups were different for all ageing procedures. VBA induced a similar growth of aromatic systems (sizes) as field ageing but, at the same time, led to a higher loss of aromatic structures. On the contrary, PAV ageing simulated the loss of aromatic structures better than VBA but did not lead to the same growth as in the field. The flawed ageing simulation becomes apparent in both cases, probably due to a delicate balance of competing reactions (evaporation vs. degradation vs. oxidation vs. aromatisation). The light ageing experiments helped to clarify the initial molecular processes on the surface of bituminous materials. Light induced a different range of oxidation products (alcohols, carboxylic acid esters and acids) and impacted aromatic structures more than thermal ageing procedures. The rapid effects of solar radiation (UV and visible light) and the potential influences of sample heterogeneity were investigated by monitoring the oxygen uptake and fluorescence properties of bitumen and its polarity-based fractions. The results indicate oxidation and molecular rearrangement reactions occurring mainly in the oily components, the aromatics and the resins, while the saturates are hardly altered, and the asphaltenes are not altered at all by light ageing.In this work, a robust and unique analytical framework was created, with the help of which new details on molecular processes in the field could be found. The new findings helped elucidate the differences between field ageing and standardised and novel laboratory ageing methods in detail. Based on the developed/adapted analytics, ageing procedures can be optimised, which can be used to determine the quality of raw materials/industrial products and the influence of additives and recycled materials on the expected service life. The improved quality control and the controllable optimisation of bituminous products thus pave the way for a more sustainable industry.